Sex of Reputed Witches
1 = All males
2 = Male predominance in power
3 = Both, equal in power
4 = Female predominance in power

Region
1 = 1Africa
2 = 2Circum-Mediterranean
3 = 3East Eurasia
4 = 4Insular Pacific
5 = 5North America
6 = 6South America

11 = 11Afr. Hunters
12 = 12S.Afr. Bantu
13 = 13C. Bantu
14 = 14N.E.Bantu
15 = 15Equat. Bantu
16 = 16Guinea Coast

Marital Residence
1 = 1Matrilocal or uxorilocal-with wife's kin
2 = 2Avunculocal-w/husband's mother's brother's kin
3 = 3Patrilocal or virilocal
4 = 4Ambilocal-w/ either wife's or husband's kin
5 = 5Neolocal-separate from kin

Marital Residence (trichotomized)
1 = 1 (patri-/virilocal)
2 = 2 (intermediate:ambi-/neo-/avunculocal))
3 = 3 (matri-/uxorilocal)

Marital Residence (trichotomized2)
1 = 1bilocal
2 = "2matrilocal"
3 = "3patrilocal"

Marital Residence (dichotomized)
0 = 0 (patri-/virilocal)
1 = 1 (other)

Patrilocal Residence
0 = 0 (absent)
1 = 1 (present)

Marital Residence (dichotomized2)
0 = 0 (other)
1 = 1 (matri-/uxorilocal)

Matrilocal vs. Patrilocal Residence
0 = 0 (viri-/patrilocal)
1 = 1 (uxori-/matrilocal)

Female Contribution to Subsistence (Murdock - White's data; 1st dichotomization)
0 = 0(very low, <20%)
1 = 1(other)

Female Contribution to Subsistence (Murdock - White's data; 2nd dichotomization)
0 = 0(very low, <15%)
1 = 1other

Female Contribution to Subsistence (dichotomized)
0 = 0 (extremely low, < 4%)
1 = 1 (other)

Population Density
1 = < 1 person / 5 sq. mile
2 = 1 person / 1-5 sq. mile
3 = 1-5 persons / sq. mile
4 = 1-25 persons / sq. mile
5 = 26-100 persons / sq. mile
6 = 101-500 persons / sq. mile
7 = over 500 persons / sq. mile

Frequency of Internal Warfare (resolved rating)
0 = 0No resolved rating (original code 0)
1 = 1Internal warfare seems to be absent or rare(original code1)
2 = 2original code 1.25
3 = 3original code 1.5
4 = 4original code 1.75
5 = 5Interal warfare seems to occur once every 3 to 10 years
6 = 6original code 2.25
7 = 7original code 2.5
8 = 8origianl code 2.75
9 = 9Internal warfare seems to occur once every 2 years (org.cd3
10 = 10original code 3.25
11 = 11original code 3.5
12 = 12original code 3.75
13 = 13Internal warfare occur every year,during particular season
14 = 14original code 4.25
15 = 15original code 4.5
16 = 16original code 4.75
17 = 17Intern.warfare seems to occur constantly any time of year
88 = 88Don't know or unclear (original code 8)

Intercommunity Trade as Food Source
1 = 1No Trade
2 = 2No Food Imports
3 = 3Salt & Mineral only
4 = 4=10% of Food
5 = 5=50% of Food/less local source
6 = 6=50% of food/more local source
7 = 7=50% of Food

Food Import Acquisition
1 = Direct exchanges
2 = Indirect exchanges
3 = local markets
4 = Middlemen
5 = 3 or 4 of above

Agriculture-Contribution To Local Food Supply
1 = None
2 = Non-Food Crops
3 = 10%
4 = 50% < single source
5 = 50% > single source
6 = Primarily agricultural

Crops-Principal
1 = Non-Food
2 = Vegetables
3 = Tree ot Vine
4 = Roots
5 = Cereals

Animal Husbandry-Contribution to Food Supply
1 = None
2 = Present, not food source
3 = 10% Food Supply
4 = 50% chiefly meat
5 = 50% chiefly dairy
6 = 50% chiefly honey
7 = 50%

Animals-Domesticated
1 = Small Species
2 = Pigs
3 = Ovides
4 = Equines
5 = Reindeer
6 = Camels
7 = Bovines

Fishing-Contribution To Food Supply
1 = None
2 = 10% Food Supply
3 = 50% < single source
4 = 50% > single source
5 = 50%

Fish
1 = Shellfish
2 = True Fish
3 = Large aquatic animals
4 = 2 or more of above

Hunting-Contribution to Food Supply
1 = None
2 = Not food source
3 = 10% Food Supply
4 = 50% < single source
5 = 50% > single source
6 = 50%

Animals Hunted
1 = Birds or Waterfowl
2 = Small Mammals
3 = Large Game
4 = Two or more of above

Gathering - Contribution To Food Supply
1 = none
2 = 10% Food Supply
3 = 50% < single source
4 = 50% > single source
5 = 50%

Gathered Foods
1 = Wild Animals products
2 = Wild Herbs, Leaves, Blossoms
3 = Tree Pith, Sago
4 = Wild Roots or Tubers
5 = Wild Fruit, seeds, nuts, berries
6 = 2 or more of above

Land Transport
1 = Human Carriers, tumpline
2 = Pack Animals
3 = Draft Animals
4 = Animal Drawn Wheeled vehicles
5 = Motorized vehicles

Routes of Land Transport
1 = Unimproved Trails
2 = Improved Trails/porters/animal
3 = Unpaved roads/wheeled vehicles
4 = Paved Roads

Water Transport
1 = Not feasible
2 = None, but feasible
3 = Floats or rafts
4 = Human powered crafts
5 = Sail powered crafts
6 = Motorized craft

Water Craft
0 = None
1 = Small <10 people/load
2 = Medium >10 people/load
3 = Large >40 people/load

Money (Media of Exchange) and Credit
1 = No media of exchange or money
2 = Domestically usable articles
3 = Tokens of conventional value
4 = Foreign coinage/paper currency
5 = Indigenous coinage/paper currency

Credit Source
1 = Personal loans/friends/relatives
2 = Internal money
3 = External money
4 = Banks or comparable institutions

Perservation and Storage of Food
1 = Year-round food supply, none
2 = Year-round food supply, simple
3 = Year-round foos supply, complex
4 = Daily Variation, none
5 = Daily Variation, simple
6 = Daily Variation, complex
7 = Seasonal variation/barely adequate
8 = Seasonal variation/adequate
9 = Seasonal variation/adequate
10 = Annual variation/barely adequate
11 = Annual variation/adequate
12 = Annual variation/adequate
13 = Imported food/barely adequate
14 = Imported Food/adequate

Food Storage
1 = None
2 = Individual households
3 = Communal facilities
4 = Political agent controlled
5 = Economic agent controlled

Food Surplus Via Storage
1 = None or barely adequate
2 = Simple or adequate
3 = Complez or> adequate

Food Supply (Ecological Or Distribution Network)
1 = year-round food supply locally
2 = daily variation in food supply
3 = seasonal variation
4 = Annual variation
5 = Imported food supply

Sleeping Proximity of Parents to Infant
1 = Mo & Fa/different room
2 = Mo same room/Fa different room
3 = Mo same room/Fa unspecified
4 = Mo same room/Fa different bed
5 = Mo, Fa same room/ beds not specified
6 = Mo same bed/Fa different room
7 = Mo same bed/Fa not specified
8 = Mo same bed/Fa same room
9 = Mo & Fa same bed w/infant

Bodily Restrictiveness-Early Infancy
1 = None except emergency
2 = Loose confinement/tether/playpen
3 = Limited Space/bed/hammock
4 = Movement limited/swaddling
5 = Often Bound/Cradle Board

Bodily Restrictiveness-Later Infancy
1 = None except emergency
2 = Loose confinement/tether/playpen
3 = limited space/bed/hammock
4 = Movement limited/swaddling
5 = Often Bound/cradle board

Bodily Contact-Early Infancy
1 = Limited to routine/precautionary care
2 = Occasionally
3 = Up to 1/2
4 = >1/2 time
5 = Almost constantly

Bodily Contact-Late Infancy
1 = Limited to routine/precautionary care
2 = Occasionally
3 = Up to 1/2
4 = > 1/2 time
5 = Almost constantly

Infant Carrying Devices
1 = None, skin contact
2 = None/clothing/blanket
3 = Sling or pouch
4 = Basket
5 = Rigid Cradleboard

Infant Carrying Position
1 = Back
2 = Side
3 = Front
4 = Other

Infant Eye Contact with Carrier
1 = Away from carrier
2 = Toward Carrier

Infant Crying-Response
1 = Indifferent/punitive
2 = Slow/perfunctory nurturant
3 = Speedly by inconsistant
4 = Generally speedy
5 = Always speedy

Infant Crying-Amount
1 = Very Infrequent/brief
2 = Infrequent/short
3 = Infrequent/prolonged
4 = frequent/short
5 = frequent/prolonged

Childhood Pain Infliction
1 = Absent
2 = Only neonatally/very mild pain
3 = Occasional mild pain
4 = Frequent mild pain/infrequent severe
5 = Frequent pain
6 = very painful

Post-Partum Sex Taboo
1 = Intercourse expected soon after birth
2 = None
3 = 1 month or<
4 = 6 months or <
5 = 1 year or <
6 = 2 year or <
7 = > 2 years

Ceremonialism Surrounding Child, Beyond 1
1 = None
2 = Only in first 2 mnths
3 = one occasionally at later age
4 = Two or more ceremonies
5 = Prominent

Magical Protectiveness Applied To Parentsand Child
1 = None
2 = Only neonatal period, couvade
3 = Sliht, neonatally and later
4 = Moderate, neonatally and later
5 = Exaggerated, neonatally and later

Physical Protectiveness Applied to Parents and Child
1 = No Special effort
2 = Slight
3 = Moderate, regular bath
4 = Some exceptional techniques/medicines
5 = Variety of exceptional techniques

Introduction of New Foods (Other Than Milk) in Childhood
1 = Before 1 Month
2 = 1-6 months
3 = 7-12 months, including solids
4 = 7-12 months, only liquids/premasticated
5 = After 12 months

Weaning-Age and Severity
1 = >2 years and gentle
2 = >2 years and severe
3 = >1 year and gentle
4 = >1 year and severe
5 = >6 months and gentle
6 = >6 months and severe
7 = < 6 months and gentle
8 = < 6months and severe

Motor Skills-Encouragement in Childhood
1 = Discourage or punish early development
2 = Ignore Development
3 = No active assistance, attention given
4 = Definite but inconsistent rewards
5 = Strong encouragement and assistance

Autonomy-Encouragement in Childhood
1 = >4 years and gradual
2 = >4 years and abrupt
3 = 2-4 years and gradual
4 = 2-4 years and gradual/< 2 yrs & gradual
5 = < 2 years and abrupt

Elimination-Encouragement of Control in Childhood
1 = 3-5 yeas
2 = >18 Months
3 = >1 year
4 = >6 months
5 = <6 months

Covering Genitals-age
1 = Very Late
2 = Late
3 = >1 year
4 = < 6 months
5 = After Birth

Weaning-age of onset
1 = up to 12 Months
2 = 13-20 Months
3 = 21-24
4 = 25-30
5 = 31-36
6 = 37-42
7 = 43-48
8 = 49-60
9 = 61-72 months

Weaning-age of Termination
1 = up to 12 Months
2 = 13-20 months
3 = 21-24
4 = 25-30
5 = 31-36
6 = 37-42
7 = 43-48
8 = 49-60
9 = 61-72 months

Weaning-Childhood Developmental Order of Onset
1 = 1st in onset (among variables 46-50)
2 = 2nd
3 = 3rd
4 = 4th
5 = 5th

Motor Skils-Childhood Developmental Order
1 = 1st
2 = 2nd
3 = 3rd
4 = 4th
5 = 5th

Non-Maternal Relations, Infancy
1 = Almost exclusively mother
2 = Pricipally mother, others minor roles
3 = Principally mother, others impotant roles
4 = Mother < 1/2 care
5 = Mother minor but significant
6 = Mother minimal except nursing

Non-maternal Relationships, Early Childhood
1 = Almost exclusively mother
2 = Principally mother, other important roles
3 = Mother <1/2 care
4 = Primarily others
5 = exclusively others

Role of Father, Infancy
1 = Distant
2 = Rarely close
3 = Occasionally close
4 = Frequently close
5 = Regularly close

Principal Relationships, Infancy Caretakers and Companions
1 = children, females
2 = children, unspecified
3 = children, both sexes
4 = adult family, females
5 = adult family, unspecified
6 = adult family, both sexes
7 = others, female
9 = others, both sexes

Principal Relationships, Early Childhood Caretakers and Companions
1 = peer group, single sex
2 = peer group, unspecified
3 = peer group, both sexes
4 = older children, single sex
5 = older children, unspecified
6 = older children, both sexes
7 = adults, single sex
8 = adults, both sexes

General Indulgence, Infancy
1 = Severe or neglectful
2 = Lesser severity
3 = Occasional indulgence
4 = Greater
5 = Highly affectionate

General Indulgence, Infancy-Modifiers or General Scale Types
1 = Low in category
2 = Medium in category
3 = High in catagory

General Indulgence, Early Childhood
1 = Severe
2 = Less Severity
3 = Occasional severity
4 = Greater leniency
5 = Consistent leniency

General Indulgence, Early Childhood-Modifiers of General Scale Types
1 = Low in category
2 = Medium in catagory
3 = High in Category

Fixity of Settlement
1 = Migratory
2 = Seminomadic-fixed then migratory
3 = Rotating among 2+ fixed
4 = Semisedentary-fixed core, some migratory
5 = Impermanent-periodically moved
6 = permanent

Compactness of Settlement
1 = Compact
2 = Dispersed
3 = Spatially separated subsettlements
4 = Partially dispersed with central core

Community Size
1 = < 50
2 = 50-99
3 = 100-199
4 = 200-399
5 = 400-999
6 = 1,000-4,999
7 = 5,000-49,999
8 = > 50,000

Types of Dwelling
1 = Conical
2 = Beehive
3 = Dome or hemispherical
4 = Wedge-shape roof
5 = Semicylindrical
6 = Code-cylinder
7 = Rectangular on ground, vegetal material walls
8 = Rectangular on piles
9 = Rectangular on ground, mineral walls
10 = Flat roofs
11 = Caves or rock shelters
12 = Tents
13 = Semisubterranean
14 = Miscellaneous

Large or Impressive Structures
1 = None
2 = Residences of influential individuals
3 = Secular or public building(s)
4 = Religious or ceremonial building(s)
5 = Military structure(s)
6 = Economic or industrial buildings

Household Form
1 = Large communal structures
2 = Multi-family dwellings
3 = Single family dwellings
4 = Family homestead
5 = Multi-dwelling households, married pair
6 = Multi-dwelling households, husband rotates
7 = Multi-dwelling households, husbands separate
8 = Multi-dwelling households, individuals (married)

Form of Family
1 = Monogamous, no polygyny
2 = Monogamous, <20% polygyny
3 = Polygynous, > 20%
4 = Polygynous
5 = Stem family, monogamy
6 = Stem family, < 20 % polygyny
7 = Small extended, monogamy
8 = Small extended, <20 % polygany
9 = >20% polygyny
10 = Large extended, monogamy
11 = Large extended, <20% pologyny
12 = Large extended, >20% polygyny

Descent-Membership in Coporate Kinship Groups
1 = Matrilineal-through female line
2 = Double descent-through male and female lines
3 = Patrilineal-through male line
4 = Ambilineal- through one parent in each generation
5 = Bilateral- not a corporate kin group

Descent groups, Location of Core Gender Group
0 = None-Bilateral
1 = Localized lineages->1per community
2 = Clan communities -core group and spouses
3 = Dispersed sibs- in different communities

Intercommunity Marriage
1 = Local endogamy 90-100%
2 = Local endogamy 61-89% (agamous)
3 = Local endogamy 40-60% (agamous)
4 = Local endogamy 11-39 % (agamous)
5 = Local endogamy 0-10% (exogamy)

Community Intergration
1 = Lacking/low compared to segments
2 = By common residence only
3 = Common Identity, dialect, subculture
4 = Overlapping kin ties
5 = Common social or economic status
6 = Common political ties
7 = Common religious ties

Prominent Community Ceremonials
1 = Rites of Passage
2 = Calendrical
3 = Magical or religious
4 = Individual sponsored and communally attended

Ceremonial Elements
1 = Feasting and/or drinking
2 = Exchange other than food
3 = Entertainment
4 = Sacrafice other than human
5 = Human sacrifice
6 = Masochistic behavior

Community Leadership
1 = No centralized local leadership
2 = Higher level only
3 = Single local leader
4 = Dual/plural headmen
5 = Single local leader and subordinates
6 = Local councils
7 = Single local leader and subordinates
8 = Too complex to be coded

Local Political Succession, Primary
1 = No headmen or council
2 = By appointment
3 = Seniority
4 = Divination
5 = Informal Consensus
6 = Electoral Process
7 = Patrilineal
8 = Matrilineal
9 = Hereditary w/ personal qualifications

Local Political Succession, secondary
1 = No headman or council
2 = By appointment
3 = Seniority
4 = Divination
5 = Informal consensus
6 = Electoral process
7 = Patrilineal

Polygamy
1 = 1Polyandry-primarily monogamous
2 = Monogamy
3 = Polygyny < 20% plural wives
4 = Polygyny >20% plural wives

Polygamy
1 = 1Polyandry-primarily monogamous
2 = 2Monogamy
3 = Polygyny < 20% plural wives
4 = Polygyny >20% plural wives

Family size
1 = Nuclear Monogamous
2 = Nuclear Poygynous
3 = Stem Family
4 = Small extended
5 = Large extended

Political Autonomy
1 = Dependent totally
2 = Semi-autonomous
3 = Tribute paid
4 = De Facto Autonomy
5 = Equal status in pluralistic society
6 = Fully autonomous

Trend in Autonomy
1 = Declining Autonomy
2 = Declining territory or population control
3 = State of equilibrium
4 = State of equilibrium, expanding territory
5 = Increasing autonomy

Levels of Sovereignty
1 = Stateless society
2 = Sovereignty 1st hierarchical level up
3 = Sovereignty 2nd hierarchical level up
4 = Sovereignty 3rd or higher hierarchical level

Higher Political Organization
1 = Absent
2 = Peace group
3 = Alliances
4 = Confederation
5 = International organization

Executive
1 = Absent
2 = Council
3 = Executive and Council
4 = Plural executive
5 = Single leader

Selection of Executive
1 = Absent
2 = Patrilineal, Fa to So
3 = Patrilineal, Fa to faBr, then to So
4 = Matrilineal, MoBr to SiSo
5 = Matrilineal, MoBr to MoBr
6 = Ruling Family
7 = Decision by limited power group
8 = Elected by council
9 = Informal recognition
10 = Formal elections
11 = Appointee of alien society
12 = Divination

Deliberate And Consultative Bodies
1 = Absent
2 = Aristocrats
3 = Appointed
4 = By ethnic components
5 = Elective

Advisory Bodies
1 = Absence of sovereignty
2 = Absent
3 = Relatives of executive
4 = Favorites of executive
5 = Secret society
6 = Subordinate groups
7 = Hereditary
8 = Subordinate functionaries

Judiciary
1 = Absent
2 = Not local
3 = Executive
4 = Appointed by executive
5 = Priesthood
6 = Hereditary

Police
1 = Not specialized
2 = Incipient specialization
3 = Retainers of chiefs
4 = Military
5 = Specialized

Administrative Hierarchy
1 = Absent
2 = Popular Assemblies
3 = Heads of kin groups
4 = Heads of decentralized territorial divisions
5 = Heads of centralized territorial dividions
6 = Part of centralized system

Selection of Subordinate Officials
1 = Absent
2 = Patrlineal succession
3 = Matrilineal succession
4 = Ruling lineage
5 = Seniority of age
6 = Personal qualities
7 = Formal election
8 = Appointment by executive

Political Power- Most Important Source
1 = Warfare wealth
2 = Tribute or taxes
3 = Slaves
4 = Contributions of free citizens
5 = Large land-holdings
6 = Political Office
7 = Foreign Commerce
8 = Capitalistic enterprises
9 = Priestly services

Second Most Important Source
1 = Warfare wealth
2 = Tribute or taxes
3 = Slaves
4 = Contributions of free citizens
5 = Large land-holdings
6 = Political office
7 = Foreign commerce
8 = Capitalistic enterprises
9 = Priestly services

Third
1 = Warfare wealth
2 = Tribute or taxes
3 = Slaves
4 = Contributions of free citizens
5 = Large land-holdings
6 = Political office
7 = Foreign Commerce
8 = Capitalistic enterprises
9 = Priestly services

Fourth
1 = Warfare wealth
2 = Tribute or taxes
3 = Slaves
4 = Contibutions of free citizens
5 = Large land-holdings
6 = Political Office
7 = Foreign Commerce
8 = Capitalistic enterprises
9 = Priestly services

Sixth
1 = Warfare wealth
2 = Tribute or taxes
3 = Slaves
4 = Contribution of free citizens
5 = Large land-holdings
6 = Political office
7 = Foreign commerce
8 = Capitalistic enterprises
9 = Priestly services

Vegetal - Food Collection
0 = Task Absent
1 = Males Exclusively
2 = Males Predominantly
3 = Equally
4 = Females Predominantly
5 = Females Exclusively

Writing and Records
1 = None
2 = Mnemonic devices
3 = Nonwritten records
4 = True writing; no records
5 = True writing, records

Fixity of Residence
1 = Nomadic
2 = Seminomadic
3 = Sedentary; impermanent
4 = Sedentary

Agriculture
1 = None
2 = 10% food supply
3 = 10 %; secondary
4 = Primary; not intensive
5 = Primary; intensive

Urbanization
1 = fewer than 100 persons
2 = 100-199 persons
3 = 200-399 persons
4 = 400-999 persons
5 = 1000 persons

Technological Specialization
1 = None
2 = Pottery only
3 = Loom weaving only
4 = Metalwork only
5 = Smiths, weavers, potters

Land Transport
1 = Human only
2 = Pack Animals
3 = Draft Animals
4 = Animal-drawn vehicles
5 = Automative vehicles

Money
1 = None
2 = Domestically usable particles
3 = Alien currency
4 = Elementary forms
5 = True money

Density of Population
1 = < 1 person / sq. mile
2 = 1-5 persons / sq. mile
3 = 5.1-25 persons/ sq. mile
4 = 26-100 persons / sq. mile
5 = 100 persons / sq. mile

Politcal Integration
1 = None
2 = Autonomous local communities
3 = 1 level above community
4 = 2 levels above community
5 = 3 levels above community

Social Stratification
1 = Egalitarian
2 = Hereditary slavery
3 = 2 social classes, no castes/slavery
4 = 2 social classes, castes/slavery
5 = 3 social classes or castes, w/ or w/out slavery

Talk About Sex
1 = Adults & adults talk explicitly
2 = Except w/ children
3 = Except w/ certain people
4 = Only with intimates
5 = Never

Sex Frequency in Marriage
1 = No Abstinence
2 = Abstnence at times
3 = Moderation
4 = Abstinence admired

Sex Believed Dangerous
1 = Absent
2 = With specific categories
3 = Only unusual practices
4 = Only sexual secretions
5 = Always

Foreplay
1 = Present
2 = Minimal
3 = Absent

Age For Clothing - Male
1 = Never
2 = Adulthood
3 = Puberty
4 = Toddler to puberty
5 = Toddler
6 = At birth

Premarital Sex Attitudes - Female
1 = Expected
2 = Tolerated
3 = Mildly disapproved
4 = Moderately disapproved
5 = Disallowed
6 = Strongly disapproved

Frequency of Premarital Sex - Male
1 = Universal
2 = Moderate
3 = Occasional
4 = Uncommon

Initiator of Premarital Sex
1 = Women always
2 = Women more than men
3 = Both equally
4 = Men more than women
5 = Men always

Extramarital Sex
1 = Single standard- both allowed
2 = Double standard- husband only
3 = Double standard- both forbidden, women punished
4 = Single standard- both condemnedequally

Wifesharing
1 = For any reason
2 = Vis-a-vis specific group men
3 = Vis-a-vis specific man
4 = Occasionally for sex gratification
5 = For husband's economic benefit
6 = Aside from sex gratification
7 = None

Rape
1 = Accepted/ignored
2 = Ridiculed
3 = Mildly disapproved
4 = Strongly disapproved

Frequency of Rape
1 = Absent
2 = Rare
3 = Common

Male Sexual Aggressiveness
1 = Men diffident, shy
2 = Men sexually forward but not diffident
3 = Men forward verbally
4 = Men forward physically
5 = Men forward; hostile occasionally
6 = Men foward; hostile typically

Homosexuality
1 = Accepted/ignored
2 = None
3 = Ridiculed, no punishment
4 = Mildly disapproved
5 = Strongly disapproved

Frequency of Homosexuality
1 = Absent
2 = Present

Impotence
1 = No concern
2 = Concern

Latitude of Weather Station
0 = Min (equator)
80 = Max (pole)

Latitude Hemisphere
1 = North
2 = South

Longtitude of Weather Station
0 = Min (Greenwich Meridian passes through London)
180 = Max (mid-Pacific Meridian)

Longtitude Hemisphere
3 = East
4 = West

Altitude in Meters
0 = Min
3822 = Max

Years of Observation - Temperature
0 = Min (1900)
70 = Max (1970)

Years of Observation - Precipitation
0 = Min (1900)
73 = Max (1973)

Mean Annual Temperature
-16 = Min
29 = Max

Hottest North Mean Temperature
3 = Min
46 = Max

Coldest Month Mean Temperature (xc)
-28 = Min
44 = Max

Mean Annual Precipitation
0 = Min
4819 = Max

Mean Daily Min Coldest Month (xc)
-61 = Min
24 = Max

Mean Daily Max Hottest Month (xc)
-2 = Min
41 = Max

Highest Precipitation in Wettest MOnth (mm)
0 = Min
670 = Max

Lowest Precipitation in Dryest Month (mm)
0 = Min
295 = Max

Wettest Month
1 = Jan
2 = Feb
3 = March
4 = Apr
5 = May
6 = June
7 = July
8 = Aug
9 = Sept
10 = Oct
11 = Nov
12 = Dec

Number of Dry Months
0 = None
1 = 1
2 = 2
3 = 3
4 = 4
5 = 5
6 = 6
7 = 7
8 = 8
9 = 9
10 = 10
11 = 11
12 = 12

Number of Frost Months
0 = None
1 = 1
2 = 2
3 = 3
4 = 4
5 = 5
6 = 6
7 = 6
8 = 8
9 = 9
10 = 10
11 = 11
12 = 12

Dependence on Gathering
0 = 0-5% Dependence
1 = 6-15%
2 = 16-25%
3 = 26-35%
4 = 36-45%
5 = 46-55%
6 = 56-65%
7 = 66-75%
8 = 76-85%
9 = 86-100% Dependence

Dependence on Animal Husbandry
0 = 0=0-5% Dependence
1 = 6-15%
2 = 16-25%
3 = 26-35%
4 = 36-45%
5 = 46-55%
6 = 56-65%
7 = 66-75%
8 = 76-85%
9 = 9=86-100% Dependence

Mode of Marriage
1 = Bride-Price
2 = Bride-Service
3 = Token Bride-price
4 = Gift Exchange
5 = Sister or Female Relative Exchanged
6 = Absence of Consideration
7 = Dowry

Mode of Marriage (Alternate)
1 = Bride-Price
2 = Bride-Service
3 = Token Bride-price
4 = Gift Exchange
5 = Sister or Female Relative Exchanged
6 = Absence of Consideration
7 = Dowry
9 = No Alternative

Domestic Organization
1 = Nuclear Family, Monogamous
2 = Nuclear Family, Occasional Polygyny
3 = Polyandrous Families
4 = Polygynous: Unusual Co-wives
5 = Polygynous: Usual Co-wife
6 = Minimal extended families
7 = Small extended families

Composition of Domestic Group
1 = Independ. Nuclear, Mongamous
2 = Independ. Nuclear, Occas Polygyny
3 = Prefer. Sororal, Cowives in Same Dwelling
4 = Prefer. Sororal, Cowives in Separ. Dwelling
5 = Non-Sororal, Cowives in Separ Dwellings
6 = Non-Sororal, Cowives in Same Dwelling
7 = Independ Polyandrous Families
8 = Extended Family

Marital Composition Within Extended Families
1 = Monogamy
2 = Occas or limited Polygyny
3 = Prefer sororal, cowives in same dwelling
4 = Prefer sororal, cowives in separ dwelling
5 = Non-sororal, cowives separate dwelling
6 = Non-sororal polygyny, cowives in same dwelling
7 = Polyandry, or no extended family

Marital Residence with Kin: First Years
1 = Ambilocal
2 = Nonestablishment of household
3 = Uxorilocal: with Wife's Parents
4 = Virilocal: with Husband's Parents
5 = Same as Prevalent Residence

Transfer Of Residence at Marriage: First Years
1 = wife to husband's group
2 = either group, Neolocal
3 = husband to wife's group
4 = no common residence
5 = same as prevalent residence

Marital Residence with Kin: After first years
0 = Nonestablishment of common household
1 = Matrilocal: with wife's unileneal kin group
2 = Uxorilocal: with wife's parents
3 = Optional avuncu- or uxori-local
4 = Bilocal: with either kin group
5 = Avunculocal: with husband's mother's brother
6 = Optional avuncu-, viri-, or patrilocality
7 = Virilocal: with husband's parents
8 = Patrilocal: with husband's unilineal kin groups
9 = Neolocal: independent of kin

Transfer of Residence at Marriage: First Years
1 = wife to husband's group
2 = either group, Neolocal
3 = husband to wife's group
4 = No common residence

Marital Residence with Kin: Alternate Form
0 = Nonestablishment of Household
1 = Matrilocal: with wife's unilineal kin group
2 = Uxrilocal: with wife's parents
3 = Optional avuncu- or uxori-local
4 = Bilocal: with either kin group
5 = Avunculocal: with husband's mother brother
6 = Optional avuncu-, viri-, or patri-locality
7 = Virilocal: with husband's parents
8 = Patrilocal: with husband's unilineal kin group
9 = Neolocal: independent of kin
10 = Same as prevalent residence

Transfer of Residence at Marriage: Alternate Form
1 = Wife to Husband's Group
2 = Couple to either Group, Neolocal
3 = Husband to Wife's Group
4 = Same as Prevalent Residence

Community Marriage Organization
1 = Demes
2 = segmented communities without local Exogamy
3 = Agamous communities
4 = Exogamous communities
5 = Segmented communities with local Exogamy
6 = Clan communities

Community Marriage Organization (Alternate)
1 = Demes
2 = Segmented communities without local Exogamy
3 = Agamous communities
4 = Exogamous communities
5 = Segmented communities with local Exogamy
6 = Clan communities
9 = No secondary Organization

Largest Patrilineal Kin Group
1 = none
2 = Patrilineal exogamy, no kin groups
3 = Lineages in single community
4 = Sibs
5 = Phratries
6 = Moieties

Largest Patrilineal Exogamous Group (if different)
1 = none
2 = Patrilineal exogamy, on kin groups
3 = Lineages in single community
4 = Sibs
5 = Phratries
6 = Moieties
9 = No difference

Largest Matrilineal Kin Group
1 = None
2 = Patrilineal exogamy, no kin groups
3 = Lineages in single community
4 = Sibs
5 = Phratries
6 = Moieties

Largest Matrilineal Exogamous Group (if different)
1 = none
2 = Patrilineal exogamy, no kin groups
3 = Lineages in single community
4 = Sibs
5 = Phratries
6 = Moieties
9 = no difference

Cognatic Kin Groups
1 = Bilateral descent
2 = Kindreds: ego-oriented bilateral kin groups
3 = Ambilineal descent: lacking true ramages
4 = Ramages: ancestor oriented ambilineal groups
5 = Exogamous ramages
6 = Quasi-lineages: filiation based, not descent
9 = Unilineal descent groups

Secondary Cognatic Kin Group: Where both Kindreds and Ramages
1 = Bilateral descent
2 = Kindreds: ego-oriented bilateral kin groups
3 = Ambilineal descent: lacking true ramages
4 = Ramages: ancestor oriented ambilineal groups
5 = Exogamous ramages
6 = Quasi-lineages: filiation based, not descent
9 = No secondary cognatic group

Number of Cousin Marriages (Allowed)
1 = All four cousins
2 = Three of four cousins
3 = Two of four cousins
4 = One of four cousins
5 = No first cousins
6 = First and some second cousins excluded
7 = No first, unknown for second
8 = No first or second cousins

Number of Cousin Marriages (Preferred)
1 = All four cousins
2 = Three of four cousins
3 = Two of four cousins
4 = One of four cousins
5 = No first cousins
6 = First and some second cousins excluded
7 = No first, unknown for second
8 = No first or second cousins
9 = No preferential or prescriptive unions

Subtypes of Cousin Marriages (Allowed)
1 = FaSiDa
2 = Paternal
3 = Uncle's Da
4 = Other
5 = Aunt's Da
6 = Maternal
7 = MoBrDa

Subtypes of Cousin Marriages (Preferred)
1 = FaSiDa
2 = Paternal
3 = Uncle's Da
4 = Other
5 = Aunt's Da
6 = Maternal
7 = MoBrDa
9 = No preferential of prescriptive unions

Kin Terms for Cousins
1 = Descriptive terms
2 = Sudanese: siblings cross and parallel cousins
3 = Iroquois: cross cousins vs. parallel are siblings
4 = Mixed or deviant
5 = Omaha: generational merging; MoBrCh up; FaSCh down
6 = Crow: generational merging; MoBrCh down: FaSch up
7 = Eskimo: cousins vs. siblings
8 = Hawaiian: Siblings plus cousins equated

Intensity of Cultivation
1 = No agriculture
2 = Casual agriculture, incidental to other subsistence
3 = Extensive or shifting agriculture
4 = Horticulture
5 = Intensive agriculture
6 = Intensive irrigated agriculture

Major Crop Type
1 = None or none specified
2 = Non-food crops only
3 = Vegetables
4 = Tree fruits
5 = Roots or tubers
6 = Cereal grains

Settlement Patterns
1 = Nomadic or fully migratory
2 = Seminomadic
3 = Semisedentary
4 = Compact but impermanent settlements
5 = Neighborhoods of dispersed family homesteads
6 = Seperated hamlets, forming a single community
7 = Compact and relatively permanent settlements
8 = Complex settlements

Mean Size of Local Communities
1 = Fewer than 50
2 = 50-99
3 = 100-199
4 = 200-399
5 = 400-1000
6 = 1,000 without any town of more than 5000
7 = One or more towns of 5,000-50,000
8 = One or more cities of more than 50,000

Jurisdictional Hierarchy of Locla Community
2 = Two levels
3 = Three levels
4 = Four levels

Jurisdictional Hierarchy Beyond Local Ccommunity
1 = No levels
2 = One level
3 = Two levels
4 = Three levels
5 = Four levels

High Gods
1 = Absent or not reported
2 = Present but not active in human affairs
3 = Present and active in human affairs
4 = Present, active, and specifically supportive

Games
1 = None of the three types
2 = Physical skill only
3 = Chance only
4 = Strategy only
5 = Skill and chance
6 = Skill and strategy
7 = Chance and strategy
8 = All

Post-Partum Sex Taboos
1 = None
2 = No longer than 1 month
3 = 1 t 6 months
4 = 6 months to 1 year
5 = More than 1 year to 2 years
6 = More than 2 years

Male Genital Mutilations
0 = Absent
1 = within first two months after birth
2 = 2 months to 2 years
3 = 2 to 5 years
4 = 6 to 10 years
5 = 11 to 15 years
6 = 16 to 25 years
7 = 25 to 50 years
8 = After 50 years
9 = Normal age unclear

Segregation of Adolescent Boys
1 = Absence
2 = Partial
3 = Complete, with relatives outside nuclear family
4 = Complete, with non-relatives
5 = Complete, with peers

Animals and Plow Cultivation
1 = Absent
2 = Not aboriginal
3 = Prior to contract

Predominant Type of Animal Husbandry
1 = Absence or near absence of large domestic animals
2 = Pigs th eonly large domestic animals
3 = Sheep and/or goats without larger domestic animals
4 = Equine animals
5 = Deer
6 = Camels, alpacas, or llamas
7 = Bovine animals

Milking of Domestic Animals
1 = Little or no milking, or insufficient information
2 = Milked more often than sporadically

Subsistence Economy
1 = Gathering contributes most
2 = Fishing contributes most
3 = Hunting contributes most
4 = Pastoral contributes most
5 = Casual agriculture contributes most
6 = Extensive agriculture contributes most
7 = Intensive agriculture contributes most
8 = Two or more sources contribute equally

Descent: Major Type
1 = Patrilineal
2 = Duolateral
3 = Matrilineal
4 = Quasi-lineages
5 = Ambilineal
6 = Bilateral
7 = Mixed

Sex Differences in Metal Working
1 = Males alone or almost alone
2 = males appreciably more
3 = Differentiation but equal participation
4 = Equal partic. w/out marked differentiation
5 = Females appreciably more
6 = Females alone or almost alone
7 = Gender irrelevant, esp. industrialized
8 = Activity present: sex partic unspecified
9 = Activity absent or unimportant

Age or Occupational Specialization in Metal Working
1 = Junior age specialization (before puberty)
2 = Senior age specialization (beyond prime)
3 = Craft specialization
4 = Industrialized specialization
9 = Task absent or age/occupational specialization absent

Class Stratification
0 = missing data
1 = absence among free men
2 = wealth distinctions
3 = elite
4 = dual
5 = complex

Class Stratification, Secondary Feature
0 = missing data
1 = absence among freemen
2 = wealth distinctions
3 = elite
4 = dual
5 = complex
9 = no second type or absence of stratification

Caste Stratification (Endogamy)
1 = absent or insignificant
2 = despised occupational group(s)
3 = ethnic stratification
4 = complex

Caste Stratification, Secondary Type
1 = absent or insignificant
2 = despised occupational group(s)
3 = ethnic stratification
4 = complex
9 = no second type of absence of stratification

Type of Slavery
1 = absence or near absence
2 = incipient or nonhereditary
3 = reported but type not identified
4 = hereditary and socially significant

Former Presence of Slavery
1 = absent or no difference from preceding column
2 = formerly present

Succession to the Office of Local Headman
1 = patrilineal heir
2 = matrilineal heir
3 = nonhereditary
4 = nonhereditary on basis of seniority or age
5 = nonhereditary through influence
6 = nonhereditary through election or other formal consensus
7 = nonhereditary through informal consensus
9 = absence of any such office

Succession to Office of Local Headman, Breakdown of Hereditary Succession
1 = hereditary by a son
2 = hereditary by other patrilineal heir
3 = hereditary by a sister's son
4 = hereditary by other matrilineal heir
9 = nonhereditary or absence of any such office

Inheritance of Real Property (Land)
1 = absence of individual property rights or rules
2 = matrilineal
3 = other matrilineal heirs
4 = children, with daughters receiving less
5 = children, equally for both sexes
6 = other patrilineal heirs
7 = patrilineal

Inheritance of Movable Property
1 = absence of individual property rights or rules
2 = matrilineal
3 = other matrilineal heirs
4 = children, with daughters receiving less
5 = children, equally for both sexes
6 = other patrilineal heirs
7 = partilineal

Inheritance distribution for Real Property
1 = equal or relatively equal
2 = exclusively or predominantly to the one
3 = ultimogeniture
4 = primogeniture

Norms of Premarital Sex behavior of Girls
1 = early marriage of females
2 = insistence on virginity
3 = prohibited but weakly censured and not infrequent
4 = allowed, censured only if pregnancy results
5 = trial marriage, promiscuous relations prohibited
6 = freely permitted, even if pregnancy results

Prevailing Type of Dwelling: Ground Plan
1 = semicircular
2 = circular
3 = elliptical or elongated with round ends
4 = polygonal
5 = rectangular or square
6 = quadrangular around (if only partially) inner court

Prevailing type of Dwelling: Floor Level
1 = subterranean or semi-subterranean
2 = floor formed by ground
3 = elevated slightly or on raised platform
4 = raised substantially on piles, posts, or piers

Prevailing Type of Dwelling: Wall Material
1 = stone, stucco, concrete, or fired blocks
2 = palster, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
3 = wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
4 = bark
5 = hides or skins
6 = felt, cloth, or other fabrics
7 = mats, latticework, or wattle
8 = grass, leaves, or other thatch
9 = adobe, clay, or dried brick

Prevailing type of Dwelling: Shape of Roof
1 = rounded or semi-cylindrical
2 = dome or hemisphere
3 = beehive with pointed peak
4 = conical
5 = semi-hemisphere
6 = shed (one slope)
7 = flat or horizontal
8 = gabled (two slopes)
9 = hipped or pyramidal (fourslopes)

Prevailing Type of Dwelling: Roofing Materials
1 = stone or slate, or tile or fired blocks
2 = palster, clay, mud and dung, wattle and daub
3 = wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
4 = bark
5 = hides or skin
6 = felt, cloth, or other fabric
7 = mats
8 = grass. leaves, brush, or other thatch
9 = earth or turf
10 = ice or snow

Secondary or Alternative House Type: Ground Plan
1 = semicircular
2 = circular
3 = elliptical or elongated with rounded ends
4 = polygonal
5 = retangular or square
6 = quadrangular around (if only partially) inner court

Secondary or Alternative House Type: Wall Material
1 = stone, stucco, concrete, or fired bricks
2 = plaster, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
3 = wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
4 = bark
5 = hides and skin
6 = felt, cloth, or other fabrics
7 = mats, latticework or wattle
8 = grass, leaves, or other thatch
9 = adobe, clay, or dried brick

Secondary or Alternative House Type: Shape of Roof
1 = rounde or semi-cylindrical
2 = dome or hemisphere
3 = beehive with pointed peak
4 = conical
5 = semi-hemisphere
6 = shed
7 = flat
8 = gabled
9 = hipped or pyramidal

Secondary or Alternative House Type: Roofing Materials
1 = stone or slate, or tile or fired brick
2 = plaster, clay, mud and dung, or wattle and daub
3 = wood, including logs, planks, poles, bamboo, or shingles
4 = bark
5 = hides or skin
6 = felt, cloth, or other fabrics
7 = mats
8 = grass, leaves, brush, or other thatch
9 = earth or turf
10 = ice or snow

Duration of Early Childhood
1 = Short: 7 yrs old
2 = Medium: 9 yrs old
3 = Long: 11 or more yrs

Fortitude: Early Boy
0 = No Inculcation, or Opposite Trait
5 = Moderately Strong Inculcation
10 = Extremely Strong Inculcation

Importance of Non-Family Companions: Early Boy
1 = Parents predominantly
2 = Siblings; nnot other children
3 = Primarily siblings, secondarily other children
4 = Primarily other children, secondarily siblings
5 = Other children; not siblings

Sex of Companions: Early Boy
1 = Male Exclusively
2 = Male Predominantly
3 = Both Sexes =
4 = Female Predominantly
5 = Female Exclusively

Importance of Non-Parent in Residence: Ealry Boy
1 = Exclusively parental
2 = Single atypical or occasioanl category of non-parent
3 = Two or more atypical or occasional categories
4 = Single category that typical & frequent less imprtnt. parent
5 = 2 or more categories, leat one of typical & frequent
6 = More typical & frequent than parents
7 = Exclusively non-parental

Principal Category of Non-Parental Agent: Ealry Boy
1 = Foster parent
2 = Sibling
3 = Grandparent
4 = Uncle (mother's brother only)
5 = Relative (including father's brother)
6 = Child
7 = Nonrelative
8 = Teacher

Early Boy: Principal Non-Parent Caretaker
1 = Foster Parent
2 = Sibling
3 = Grandparent
4 = Mo's Brother
5 = Other Relative
6 = Child
7 = Non-Relative
8 = Teacher
9 = No Agent

Non-Parental Involvement in Authority: Ealry Boy
1 = Exclusively parental
2 = Single atypical or occasional category of non-parent
3 = Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent
4 = Single category typical & frequent but less important parent
5 = 2 or more categories, 1 typical & frequent,not imprtn parent
6 = More typical & frequent than parents
7 = Exclusively non-parental

Non-Parental Involvement in Discipline: Early Boy
1 = Exclusivley parental
2 = SIngle atypical or occasional category of non-parent
3 = 2 or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent
4 = Single category typical & frequent but less impt than parent
5 = 2 or more categories, least one of typical & frequent
6 = More typical & frequent than parents
7 = Exclusively non-parental

Principal Non-PArental Disciplinarians: Early Boy
1 = Foster parent
2 = Sibling
3 = Granparent
4 = Uncle (mother's brother only)
5 = Relative (including father's brother)
6 = Child
7 = Nonrelative
8 = Teacher

Non-Parental Involvement in Education: Early Boys
1 = Exclusively parental
2 = Single atypical or occasional category on non-parent
3 = Two or more atypical or occasional categories of non-parent
4 = Single category typical & frequent less important than paren
5 = 2 or more, 1 may be typical & frequent less than parents
6 = More typical & frequent than parents
7 = Exclusively non-parental

Guidance ir Formal Schooling: Early Boys
1 = Informal training, with minimal guidance
2 = Apprenticeship atypical or occasioanl
3 = Apprenticeship typical & frequent but informal training
4 = Aprenticeship predominant
5 = Formal schooling atypical or occasional
6 = Foraml schooling typical and frequent

Use of Example: Ealry Boys
2 = Children activities differ from adults
5 = Children are expected to do things more or less bt ex
8 = Children frequently shown example: importannt in socializing

Lecturing: Early Boys
5 = Often, but not constant Lectures / myths
9 = Almost Daily
10 = Constant & Important

Permissiveness: Early Boys
0 = harsh socialiation by parents or othe authority figures
2 = generally harsh treatment, not extreme
5 = generally moderate or balanced degree
8 = generally indulgent, not extreme
9 = generally lenient

Affection: Early Boys
0 = minimal expression of affection
2 = generally low expression of affection
5 = moderate or sporadic expression of affection
8 = consistent, occasional strong expression

Evaluation By Society: Early Boys
0 = children are viewed indifferently
2 = only slight, sporadic expression of valuation of children
5 = moderate or occasionally strong expression of value
8 = strong, but no extreme valuation
9 = intense, repeated expression of cutural valuation

Incorporation into Society: Early Boys
0 = almost complete exclusion from adult working
2 = children are usually excluded from membership
5 = inconsistent but substantial participation
8 = children closely integrated in adult family activities
9 = almost complete, continual inclusion of children

Warmth and Affection of Caretakers-Mother: Boy
2 = Rarely
4 = Sometimes
6 = Frequently
8 = Almost Always

Control By Caretakers-Mother: Boy
2 = No Control
4 = Lax Control
6 = Firm Control
8 = Restrictive

Boys
0 = Absent for Both Boys and Girls
1 = Absent for Specified sex only
2 = Present

Girls
0 = Absent for both boys and girls
1 = Absent for specified sex only
2 = Present

Boys
0 = Absent
2 = before genital maturation
3 = at first signs of genital maturation
4 = at genital maturation
5 = within one year after genital maturation
6 = later (up to 18 years)

Girls
0 = Absent
2 = before genital maturation
3 = at first sign of genital maturation
4 = at genital maturation
5 = within one year after genital maturation
6 = later (up to 18 years)

Number of Concurrent Initiates: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = Single
3 = Small group
4 = Large group

Number of Concurrent Initiates: Girls
0 = Absent
2 = Single
3 = Small Group
4 = Large group

Duration of Ceremony: Boys
0 = absent
2 = Short
3 = Medium
4 = Long

Duration of Ceremony: Girls
0 = Absent
2 = Short
3 = Medium
4 = Long

Number of Participants: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = Immediate family
3 = Local group
4 = Large group

Number of Participants: Girls
0 = Absent
2 = Immediate Family
3 = Local group
4 = Large group

Sexes of Participants: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = Both sexes
3 = Partially limited to same sex as initiates
4 = Exclusively same sex as initiates

Primary Physical Components: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = None
3 = Manipulations or activities
4 = Pain other than genital operation
5 = Genital operation
6 = Genital operation and other pain

Primary Physical Components: Girls
0 = Absent
2 = None
3 = Manipulations or activities
4 = Pain other than genital operations
5 = Genital operations
6 = Genital operation and other pain

Secondary Physical Components: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = Neither manipulations nor activities
3 = Activities
4 = Manipulations
5 = Both Manipulations and activities

Secondary Physical Components: Girls
0 = Absent
2 = Neither manipulations or activities
3 = Activities
4 = Manipulations
5 = Both manipulations and activities

Primary Cognitive or Peformance Compenets: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = Symbolic only
3 = Learning skills, sharing secrets, or other
4 = Observing taboos
5 = Seclusion
6 = Both seclusion and observing taboos
7 = Fear

Primary Cognitive or Performance Components: Girls
0 = Absent
2 = Symbolic only
3 = Learning skills, sharing secrets, or others
4 = Observing taboos
5 = Seclusion
6 = Both seclusion and abserving taboos
7 = Fear

Secondary Cognitive or Performance Componets: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = Neither learning skils nor sharing secrets
3 = Sharing secrets
4 = Learning skills
5 = Both learning skills and sharing secrets

Secondary Cognitive or Performance Components: Girls
0 = Absent
2 = Neither learning skills nor sharing secrets
3 = Sharing secrets
4 = Learning skills
5 = Both learning skills and sharing secrets

Primary Emic Interpretations: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = None
3 = Status marker, physical change, or behavior change
4 = Spiritual change
5 = Death-rebirth

Primary Emic Interpretations: Girls
0 = Absent
2 = None
3 = Status marker, physical change, or behavior change
4 = Spirtitual change
5 = Death-rebirth

Secondary Emic Interpretations: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = No status marker
3 = General status marker
4 = Status marker for adolescence or youth
5 = Status maker for full adulthood

Secondary Emic Interpretations: Girls
0 = Absent
2 = No status marker
3 = General status marker
4 = Status marker for adolescence or youth
5 = Status marker for full adulthood

Tertiary Emic Interpretations: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = Neither physical nor behavior change
3 = Behavior change
4 = Physical change
5 = Both physical and behavior change

Primary Social Conseqences: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = None
3 = Familial intergration, independence, or other
4 = Heterosexual intercourse
5 = Same-sex bonding
6 = Both same-sex bonding and heterosex. inter.

Primary Social Consequences: Girls
0 = Absent
2 = None
3 = Familial integration, independence, or other
4 = Heterosexual intercourse
5 = Same-sex bonding
6 = Both same-sex bonding and heterosex. inter.

Secondary Social Consequences: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = None
3 = Other
4 = Familial independence
5 = Familial integration

Principal Focus: Boys
0 = Absent
2 = Fertility
3 = Sexuality
4 = Valor
5 = Wisdom
6 = Responsibility
7 = Other

Menarcheal Ceremonies
0 = missing data
1 = Absent
2 = Present

Circumcision
0 = missing data
1 = Superincision, or subincision, or absent
2 = Circumcision

Husband Involvement Scale (Couvade)
1 = Minor Observance or Informal
2 = Seclusion, or postpartum work taboo, or food taboo

Fraternal Interest Group Strength
0 = missing data
1 = both brideprice and patrilineality are absent
2 = either brideprice or patrilineality
3 = political subunit is greater than 1000, brideprice present
4 = size of political subunit is between 100-999
5 = political subunit greater than 1000, brideprice absent

Resource Base
0 = missing data
1 = low
2 = unstable
3 = high

Residence Pattern
0 = missing data
1 = not favoring formation of fraternal interest groups
2 = favoring formation of fraternal interest groups

Achieved Leadership Through Wealth Distribution
0 = missing data
1 = not important
2 = very important

Unstable Political Power Index
0 = One, two or three of the variables have a score of 9
1 = All three variables have a score of 0
2 = Only one of the three variables has a score of 1
3 = two of the three variables have a score of 1
4 = All three variables have a score of 1

Sex of Gods and Spirits and Other Super-Natural Beings
1 = All male
2 = Males More Powerful
3 = More Equal
4 = Both Equal

Mythical Founders of the Culture
1 = All males
2 = Both sexes men more important
3 = Both sexes fairly equal
4 = Both sexes female more important

Sex of Shamans
1 = All males
2 = Male more, more powerful
3 = male more, while power equal
4 = Female more powerful

Participation in Collective Religious Ceremonies and Rituals
1 = Only males
2 = Both, male more common
3 = Both, farily equal
4 = Both, Female more prominent

Funeral or Burial Ceremonies Held
1 = Only for males
2 = For both, and roughly equal

Intermediate or Local Political Leaders
1 = Only males
2 = Both sexes, male more powerful
3 = Both sexes, female equally powerful

Leadership Posts in Kinship or Extended family
1 = Include men only
2 = Both, men more Infuence
3 = Both, roughly equal influence

Participation in Collective Fighting and Warfare
1 = Only men
2 = Both, men do most fighting

Proportional Contribution of women to overall Subsistence
1 = Low
2 = -
3 = -
4 = -
5 = -
6 = -
7 = -
8 = High

Relative Time and Effort Expended on Subsistence
1 = Men expend more
2 = Men and Women expend roughly equal
3 = Women expend more

Community-wide Exclusively Male Works Groups
1 = None
2 = For one activity
3 = For one or more activity

Community-wide Excusively Female Work Groups
1 = None
2 = For one or more activity

Degree of Segregation in Subsistence Activity
1 = Men and Women Segregated
2 = Some Segregation
3 = Little or no Segregation

Inheritance of Property of some Economic Value
1 = Only Men
2 = Both, Male of Preference
3 = Roughly equal
4 = Female Preference

Ownership or Control of use of Dwellings
1 = Soley by Men
2 = Most owned by men
3 = Equal ownership
4 = Most or all by Female

Control of the Labor done by Men
1 = Men Total say
2 = Men have Predominant Say
3 = Men and Women equal say
4 = Women have total say

Control of the Labor of Men and Female
1 = Men Total Say
2 = Men Predominate Say
3 = Men and Women Equal Say
4 = Women Total Say

Control of Labor done by Women
1 = Men Total Say
2 = Men and Women Have equal Say
3 = Women Predominate Say
4 = Women Total Say

Domestic Work
1 = Males do virtually None
2 = Males do some

Double Standard in Premartial Sex
1 = Yes
2 = No, Equal Restriction

Double Standard in Extramarital Sex
1 = Yes
2 = No, Equal Restrictions
3 = Male Punished Severely

Extramarital Affairs of Married Women
1 = Not allowed and apparently rare
2 = Not allowed and not uncommon
3 = Allowed or very common

Menstrual Taboos
1 = No menstrual Taboos
2 = Rule VS. intercourse with Menstruating Women
3 = Personal restriction on Menstruals
4 = Belief that menstrual blood is dangerous
5 = Menstrualing women may not cook
6 = Menstrualing women segregatedm from men
7 = Menstrualing women, not have contact with male things

Role of Men and Women in procreation
1 = Men important role
2 = Belief Roughly Equal
3 = Women Important role

Sexual Drives and Urges Understood
1 = Men stronger urges
2 = Belief urges are Equal
3 = Women Stronger Urges

View that sexual activity is Dangerous
1 = Yes
2 = No

Older generation arranging Marriages
1 = Male Monopolize arrangement
2 = Both participate, men more say
3 = Both participate, equal say
4 = Both partcipate, females more say

Voice of the Potential Bride and Groom in Marriage Decisions
1 = Only the Groom refuse a match
2 = Groom more ability initiate or refuse
3 = Equal ability to initiate, refuse a match
4 = Bride, more ability to initiate or match

Marriage Payments
1 = woman exchange
2 = Substantial Bride Price
3 = Bride service
4 = Token Bride price
5 = Gift exchange
6 = Dowry

Preferred Marriage forms
1 = Polygnous unions over 20%
2 = Polygnous unions under 20%
3 = Monogamy
4 = Polyandry

Multiple Spouses
1 = Only for males
2 = Both, but commonly for males
3 = For neither
4 = Both, but commonly for females

Levirate
1 = Present
2 = Absent

Relative distances, First marriage
1 = Female moves farther away
2 = About equal distance
3 = Males moves farther away

Relative Ease of initiating divorce
1 = Only available to male
2 = Possible to both, difficult for females
3 = Divorce equally possible
4 = Possible to both, difficult for males

Relative ease of remarriage
1 = Possible for both, fewer obstacles for male
2 = Equally possible for both

Average age at first marriage
1 = Women generally older
2 = Ages about equal
3 = Men 1-2 years older
4 = Men 3-4 years older
5 = Men more than 4 years older

Final authority over care of infants
1 = Monopolized by males
2 = Is divided roughly equal
3 = Is divided, females more say
4 = Monopolized by females

Final authority over up-bringing
1 = Virtually monopolized by males
2 = Divided, but more male
3 = Divided roughly equally
4 = Divided, but females more

Wife to Husband Institutionalized
1 = None
2 = Husband Dominate Domestic decision
3 = Wife excluded from many gatherings
4 = Wife rarely disputes husband
5 = Husband has seating Priority
6 = Wife kneels and bows when greeting Husband

Preference for Children of One Sex
1 = For male
2 = Equal, no preference
3 = For females

Any Evidence of Infanticide
1 = Mostly for females
2 = For both, or for neither
3 = Mostly for males

Early training for adult duties
1 = Boys are trained earlier generally
2 = Training begins at roughly equal age
3 = Girls are trained earlier generally

Punishment for equal Misbehavior
1 = Boys are punish more severely
2 = Punishment about equal
3 = Girls are punished more severely

Physical punishment of the spouse condoned
1 = Only husband hitting wife generally
2 = Physical punishment by neither
3 = either may hit the other

View that men Dominate wives
1 = Yes
2 = No, evidence of rough equality
3 = No, evidence of wife dominance

Attendance and Participation Community Gathering
1 = only, men more Prominetly
2 = Both equally perhaps segregated

Existence of General female Initiation ceremonies
1 = No initiations for females
2 = Customary minimal social recognition
3 = Personal dramatization of initiate
4 = Organized social response
5 = Affective social response

Status of women has changed in folklore or history
1 = Belief it has declined
2 = No such belief, or no change
3 = A belief it has improved

High value on males being aggressive, strong, and sexually potent
1 = Marked emphasis
2 = Moderate emphasis
3 = Little or no emphasis

Belief that women are gemerally inferior to men
1 = Yes
2 = No such belief

Women more informal influence than norms
1 = No such statement
2 = Somewhat informal influence
3 = Much more informal influence

Property control scale
1 = Women, low control over property
4 = Women, high control over property

Kin Power Scale
1 = Low power, women in kinship
3 = High power, women in kinship

Value of life scale
1 = Low value placed on women's lives
3 = High value placed on women's lives

Value of labor
1 = Low value of women's labor
5 = High value of women's labor

Domestic authority scale
1 = Low women's domestic authority
4 = High women's domestic authority

Ritualized female solidarity scale
1 = Low female solidarity scale
3 = High female solidarity

Control of sex scale
1 = Stricter controls over marital, sexual lives
3 = Equal control over women's marital, sexuals lives

Ritualized fear scale
1 = High ritualized fear of women
3 = Low ritualized fear of women

Joint paricipation scale
1 = Low joint participation men-women
3 = High joint participation men-women

Patterns For Grandparents
1 = bisexual patytern
2 = merging pattern
3 = bifurcate bisexual pattern
4 = matri-skewed pattern
5 = null pattern
6 = bifurcate pattern
7 = patri-skewed pattern
8 = rare patterns

Patterns for Grandchildren
1 = merging pattern
2 = bisexual pattern
3 = self-reciprocal pattern
4 = bifurcate bisexual pattern
5 = null pattern
6 = speaker's sex pattern
7 = bifurcate pattern
8 = bifurcate speaker's sex pattern
9 = rare patterns

Patterns for Uncles
1 = simple bifurcate merging gpattern
2 = simple bifurcate collateral pattern
3 = skewed bifurcate collateral pattern
4 = lineal pattern
5 = generation pattern
6 = age-differentiated bifurcate collateral pattern
7 = relative age pattern
8 = speaker differentiated bifurcate merging pattern
9 = speaker differentiated bifurcate collateral pattern
10 = rare patterns

Patterns for Aunts
1 = simple bifurcate collateral patterns
2 = bifurcate merging pattern
3 = lineal pattern
4 = generation pattern
5 = skewed bifurcate collateral pattern
6 = relative age pattern
7 = age-differentiated bifurcate collateral pattern
8 = speaker differentiated bifurcate collateral pattern
9 = rare pattern

Patterns for Nephews and Nieces (Male Speaking)
1 = simple bifurcate merging pattern
2 = sex-differentiated bifurcate merging pattern
3 = simple bifurcate collateral pattern
4 = simple lineal pattern
5 = generation pattern
6 = sex-differentiated lineal pattern
7 = sex-differentiated bifurcate collateral pattern
8 = age-skewed bifurcate collateral pattern
9 = age-differentiated bifurcate collateral pattern
10 = sister-skewed bifurcate collateral pattern
11 = brother-skewed bifurcate collateral pattern
12 = rare pattern ElSbCh and YoSbCh distinguished by relative age
13 = rare pattern between 5 and 7, distinguishing BrSo, SiSo,SbDa

Patterns for Siblings
1 = Dravidian Pattern
2 = European Pattern
3 = Yoruban Pattern
4 = Algonkian Pattern
5 = kordofanian Pattern
6 = Southern Bantu Pattern
7 = East Polynesian Pattern
8 = Quechuan Pattern
9 = Carolinian Pattern
10 = Siouan Pattern
11 = Caddoan Pattern
12 = Malagasy Pattern
13 = Jivaran pattern
14 = Voltaic Pattern
15 = Yukian Pattern
16 = Rare Patterns

Patterns for Cross-Cousins
1 = Hawaiian Pattern
2 = Iroquois Pattern
3 = Eskimo Pattern
4 = Omaha Pattern
5 = Crow Pattern
6 = Descriptive Pattern
7 = Sudanese Pattern

Patterns for Siblings-In-Law
1 = merging pattern
2 = simple bisexual pattern
3 = speaker's sex bisexual pattern
4 = opposite sex pattern
5 = null pattern
6 = differentiated pattern
7 = strongly differentiated pattern
8 = relative sex pattern
9 = sex-of-link bisexual pattern
10 = spouse's sibling vs. sibling's spouse pattern

Theories of Infection (STDS25.DAT)
1 = Absence of such a cause
2 = Minor or relatively unimportant cause
3 = An important auxiliary cause
4 = Predominant cause recognized by the society

Female Power Guttman Scale
1 = All items absent
2 = Flexible marriage mores only
3 = Plus Female nondomestic production
4 = Plus demand for female produce
5 = Plus female economic control
6 = Plus female political participation
7 = Plus female solidarity groups

Male Aggression Guttman Scale
1 = No items present
2 = Ideology of male toughness only
3 = Plus separate places for men
4 = Plus interpersonal violence
5 = Plus rape institutionalized or reported
6 = Plus taking wives from hostile groups

Composite of Male Dominance (v663 + v670)
1 = Sexes equal
2 = Mythical Male
3 = Sexes unequal

Menstrual Taboos (H16)
1 = no menstrual restrictions
2 = one restriction present
3 = two restrictions
4 = three
5 = four
6 = five

Male Avoidance of Female Sexuality (ALL)
1 = none
2 = sexual intercourse prohibited during menstruation
3 = sexual intercourse prohibited at other times also
4 = men avoid or fear female genitals

Sex of Creative Agent, Ancestor, or Culture-Hero
1 = Female
2 = Sexless
3 = Couples
4 = Male
5 = Animal
6 = Supreme being or force

Origin of First Creator or Ancestor
1 = From wothin ('feminine')
2 = Form within and without
3 = From without ('masuline')
4 = Void

Mode of First-Mentioned Creation
1 = From the body: Union and/or birth
2 = From the body: Self-propagation
3 = From other than the body
4 = Cannot be determined

Creation Stories (composite of 675 and 656, plus additional societies)
1 = feminine symbolism
2 = couple symbolism
3 = masculine symbolism

Migration
1 = aboriginal area or mograted centuries ago
2 = recent migration, within past 100-150 years

Food Stress or Hunger
1 = food constant
2 = occasional hunger or famine
3 = periodic or chronic hunger
4 = starvation or evidence of protein deficiency

Walfare or Fighting
1 = absent or occasional or periodical
2 = frequent or endemic

Frequency of Intercommunity Armed Conflict
1 = Past, supralocal, or absent
2 = Present and endemic local warfare

Male Initiation Ceremonies
1 = No initiation
2 = Minimal social recognition
3 = Personal dramatization of the initiate
4 = Organized social response
5 = Affective social response: beating, hazing or operations

Male Solidarity
1 = No instructionalized male solidarity
2 = Some exclusive male activity
3 = Ritualization given to this activity
4 = Definite ranking of men within this activity
5 = War training or planning a part of this activity

Descent
1 = Patrilineal, Dual, bilateral, or other
2 = Matrilineal

Residence
1 = All other
2 = Matrilocal

Perferred Family Form
1 = Nuclear
2 = Stem
3 = Lineal
4 = Extended

Political Organization
1 = Absence of local political integration
2 = Autonomous local community
3 = Minmal state
4 = Little state
5 = State political integration in a unit

Crimes against Person Punished
1 = By person or group wronged
2 = By government action

Government full-time Bureaucrats
1 = Full time bureaucrats unrelented to government head
2 = No full time bureaucrats, or only relatives of head

Community is part of a Kingdom
1 = No
2 = Yes

Settlement Type
1 = Fully migratory or nomadic bands
2 = Seminomadic
3 = Neighborhoods of dispersed family settlements
4 = Seperated hamlets
5 = Compact or permanent village or town
6 = Complex settlements surrounded by homesteads or hamlets

Social Stratification in the larger societies
1 = Lack of significant stratification among free men
2 = Differences in wealth and control
3 = Dual stratification into hereditary elitesd and commoners
4 = Complex stratifiation into three or more classes/ castes

Social Stratification in the Local Community
1 = Lack of strat. among free men
2 = Differences in wealth & control
3 = Dual strat. into hereditary elites & commoners
4 = Complex strat. into 3 or more classes/castes

Societal Complexity (Guttman Scale - Freeman & Winch 1957)
1 = Absence of all traits in scale
2 = Crimes punished by government
3 = Full-time specialized priests
4 = Formal education
5 = Written language
6 = Full-time bureaucrats

Institutionalized Envy
1 = No items present
2 = One or two items present
3 = Three of four items present

Religion
1 = Preclassical
2 = Mixture of classical & preclassical
3 = Classical religion (Xianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism)

Sex Ratio
1 = Female excess
2 = Roughly equal
3 = Male excess

Systematic Absences of Married Males (Military Service, Labor elsewhere, Extended Trade expeditions)
1 = No systematic absences
2 = Systematic absences - within memory of present adults
3 = Systematic absences common presently

Sex of Coders
1 = Both male
2 = Male & Female
3 = Both female

Number of Sources Consulted
1 = One
2 = Two
3 = Three
4 = Four or Five
5 = Six to Nine

Number of Authorities Consulted
1 = One
2 = Two
3 = Three
4 = Four to Seven

Total Pages in Sources Consulted
1 = Under 300
2 = 300 - 499
3 = 500 - 999
4 = Over 1000

Sex of Authorities
1 = All Males
2 = Mixed Males & Females
3 = All Females

Nationality of Authorities
1 = All Americans
2 = Some Americans
3 = None Americans

Occupation of Authorities
1 = No Anthropologists
2 = Some Anthropologists
3 = All Anthropologists

Formal Fieldwork Training of Authorities
1 = All had some
2 = Some had
3 = None had any

Knowledge of Native Language
1 = All knew it well
2 = Some knew it well
3 = None knew it well

Total periods of fieldwork
1 = One year or less
2 = One to three years
3 = More than three years

Anthropological Present
1 = Before 1800 A.D.
2 = 1801 - 1900
3 = 1901 - 1950
4 = After 1950 A.D.

Importance of Agriculture in Subsistence
1 = Dominant, the principal subsistence activity
2 = Co-dominant with one or more other categories
3 = Important, but not a major subsistence activity
4 = Present, but relatively unimportant
5 = Insignificant, Sporadic, or Absent

Contribution of the Sexes to Agriculture
1 = Male participation exclusively, or female contribution negli
2 = Male participation appreciably greater
3 = Equal participation
4 = Female participation appreciably greater
5 = Female participation exclusively, or male contribution negli
6 = Activity conducted solely by slaves or servile classes

Marriage Arrangements
1 = Individual selects partner
6 = Parents select partner

Marriage Arrangements (Female)
1 = Selects and courts partner autonomously: approval not needed
2 = Selects partner parental, kin approval needed
3 = Suggests partner to parents,is approved arrangements proceed
4 = Individual choice & arranged marriages are alternatives
5 = Parents choose partner: individual can object
6 = Parents choose partner: individual cannot easily object

Widow Remarriage: Choice of Partner
1 = Widow chooses new husband herself w/no interferences
2 = Remarriage into 1st husbands kin group, may choose antoher
3 = WIdow chooses new husband herself, 1st H kin, or community
4 = Widow's husband's kin chooses new husband
5 = Remarriage is absent, uncommon, or strongly disapproved

Time of Mourning Before Remarriage of Widows
1 = No period of mourning: remarriage as soon as possible
2 = One week of two months of mourning
3 = Over two months but less than one year of mourning
4 = One year or over of mourning
5 = No remarriage

Attitude towards Divorce
1 = Expected, accepted, tolerated, not disapproved
2 = Mildly disapproved attempts by other to reconcile couple
3 = Approved if reasons are considered jusitified
4 = Expected, accepted, tolerated, not disapproved in 1st years
5 = Strongly disapproved, stigma attached to divorce

Frequency of Divorce
1 = Universal or almost universal
2 = Common, frequent, not uncommon
3 = Moderate: a small minority of couples divorce
4 = Frequent in first years of marriage and before children
5 = Rare, isolated instances, never

Male Grounds for Divorce
1 = None
2 = Not Absolutely Necessary
3 = Divore Only w/Grounds
4 = No Divorce

Female Grounds for Divorce
1 = None
2 = Not Absolutely Necessary
3 = Only w/Grounds
4 = No Divorce

Honeymoon Customs
1 = Couple goes off alone or is secluded for period of time
2 = Special schedules to allow couple to spend time together
3 = Special schedules set up for newlyweds
4 = No special arrangements for newlyweds
5 = Newlyweds avoid each others, either by tradition or from shy

Customs surrounding Consumation of Marriage
1 = Socially recongnized as a special occasion & couple privacy
2 = Special occasion & pirvate, but signal of consummation
3 = Special occasion, other present
4 = Not a special occasion

Living Arrangments for Newlyweds
1 = Couple move into own house ideally or in reality
2 = Couple move in w/parents, separate room provided
3 = Couple move in w/parents 1st year or so
4 = Couple love permanently in extended family settings
5 = Couple live separated form each other for a period of time

Sleeping Proximity of Man and Wife
1 = Same Room, Close
2 = Same Room, Not Close
3 = Same Room, Unknown
4 = Different Rooms

Privacy in Sleeping for Man and Wife
1 = Together Alone
2 = Togeter w/Y Children
3 = Unmarried Members
4 = Nuclear Family
5 = Other Adults Occasionally
6 = Other Adults Always

Husband-Wife Eating Arrangements
1 = Together
2 = Together, Wife Serves
3 = Eat Apart

Husband-Wife Leisure Time Activities
1 = Together w/Family
3 = Together w/Group
5 = Apart

Husband Attends Birth
1 = Husbands expected or allowed to attend births of children
2 = No taboo against presence of husband at births
3 = Husbands attend births only in emergencies
4 = H not allowed to attend births, have roles in labor
5 = H not allowed to attend births not allowed to play role

Political Role Differentiation: Full Time Specialists
1 = Highly Differentiated
4 = Same life style
7 = None exist

Political and Religious Differentiation
1 = Considerable Overlap between Leaders
2 = Some overlab
3 = Distinct

Local community Leadership Selection: Basis
1 = Kinship constrained
2 = Kinship Broad Choicd
3 = Non-Hereditary
4 = Informal

Perceptions of Political Leaders' Power
1 = Very powerful
2 = Somewhat Powerful
3 = Limited

Perceptions of Political Leaders' Benevolence
1 = Capricious and arbitary
2 = Neither Malevolent nor Benevolent
3 = Basically benevolent

Checks on Leader's Power
1 = Few
2 = Checks exist
3 = Leaders secure support
4 = No leaders act independently

Removal of Leaders who are incompetent or disliked
1 = No way other than rebellion or popular uprisings
2 = Institutionalized means invoked occasionally, by elites
3 = Not removed in formal manner, lose influence & are ignored
4 = No formal leadership, loss of power when support diminishes

Leaders Exercise of Authority
1 = Frequently act independently & make authoritative decisions
2 = Make relatively few decisions on own w/o consultation
3 = Ude persuasion to help organized & structure group action

Decision Making Bodies
1 = Individual(s), w/advice of dew advisors
2 = Individual(s), w/ elite council
3 = Individual(s), w/board based council
4 = Broad base community council
5 = Few explicit decisions, some made by community at large

Range of community decisions on people's lives
1 = Collective decisions impinge many aspects of peoples lives
2 = Collective decisions impinge on a moderate #'s of areas
3 = Collective decisions impinge on few aspects of peoples lives
4 = Minimal collective decisions which impinge on peoples lives

Extensiveness of adult participation in community decisions
1 = Widespread: decision making forums open to all adults
2 = High or some: excluded basis on gender, age, or kinship
3 = Moderate:some consultation present, low input from community
4 = Lowor non-existent: Leaders make most decisions

Conflict (Soc or Pol) in the local community
1 = Endemic: a reality of daily existence (ex. fueding)
2 = High: Conflict present, not a pervasive aspect of daily life
3 = Moderate: Disagreements do not result in high violence
4 = Mild or rare

Conflict between communities of the same society
1 = Endemic: High physical violence, feuding, and/or raiding
2 = Moderately High, often involving physical violence
3 = Moderate: Disputes may occur regularly, but manage w/ peace
4 = Mild or rare

Conflict management in local community: dominant mode
1 = Conflicting partiesfind solution on their own
2 = Conflicting party resolve disputes using informal mechanisms
3 = Authorities often get invloved to achieve a settlement

Use of Physical force by disputants in settling disputes
1 = Often used
2 = Sometimes used
3 = Rarely or never used

Use of third parties in facilitate dispute settlement
1 = Often used (to settle disputes)
2 = Sometimes used
3 = Rarely or never used

Litigation: use of third parties for binding decisions
1 = Frequent involvement in litigation by society members
2 = Occasional involvement
3 = Rare or non-involvement

Internal Warfare
1 = Frequent, yearly
2 = Common
3 = Occasional
4 = Rare or never

Compliance of individuals w/ community norms
1 = High
2 = Moderate
3 = Highly variable

formal sanctions and enforcement for community decisions
1 = Great power available
2 = some
3 = Little or none

Enforcement specialists (police, tax collectors)
1 = Present
2 = done by leaders
3 = Absent

Loyalty to the local community
1 = Especially high
2 = High
3 = Moderate
4 = Low

Loyalty to the wider society
1 = Especially high
2 = High for the most part
3 = Moderate
4 = Low

Hostility toward other societies
1 = Extensive
2 = High
3 = Moderate
4 = Low

Acceptability of violence towards members of the local community
1 = Valued
2 = Acceptable
3 = Tolerated
4 = Disapproved

Taxation paid to community
1 = Regular Taxes
2 = Only in special cases, modest
3 = None

Local Political Fission of Dissatisfied Persons
1 = Often move to another community
2 = Sometimes
3 = Rarely or never

Adult Mobility
1 = None
2 = Occasionally
3 = Common

Contact with other societies
1 = Frequent
2 = Occasional
3 = Rare or never

Cross-Cutting Ties between Communities
1 = No Political links
2 = Some links
3 = Many links

Age Organizations Cutting Across Communities
1 = Absent
2 = Present, not Politically import
3 = Present, Politically import

Kinship Organizations Cutting Across Communities
1 = Absent
2 = Present, not import
3 = Present, important

Moieties Cutting Across Communities
1 = Absent
2 = Present, not important
3 = Present, Important

Ritual Organizations Cutting Across Communities
1 = Absent
2 = Present, Politically Important
3 = Present, not important

Female Participation in Public Political Arenas, Relative to Males
1 = High
2 = Significant
3 = Not Great
4 = Women excluded

Female Participation in Private Political Arenas, Relative to Males
1 = High
2 = Significant
3 = Not Great
4 = Not Involved

Gender differences in political positions of authority
1 = None
2 = Occasional
3 = Rarely if ever
4 = Women excluded

Separate Female Organizations and Positions
1 = Some Associations
2 = Some Positions
3 = None

Coder Assessment of Data Quality
1 = High
2 = Good
3 = Moderate
4 = Weak

Date of Publication
78 = 1780-89
82 = 1820-29
85 = 1850-59
86 = 1860-69
87 = 1870-79
88 = 1880-89
89 = 1890-99
90 = 1900-09
91 = 1910-19
92 = 1920-29
93 = 1930-39
94 = 1940-49
95 = 1950-59
96 = 1960-69
97 = 1970-79

Number of Pages in the Book
0 = 0-99
1 = 100-199
2 = 200-299
3 = 300-399
4 = 400-499
5 = 500-599
6 = 600-699
7 = 700-799
8 = 800-899
9 = 900-999
10 = 1000-1099
11 = 1100-1199
12 = 1200-1299
13 = 1300-1399
14 = 1400-1499

Number of Pages Related to Child Training Practices
0 = 0-9
1 = 10-19
2 = 20-29
3 = 30-39
4 = 40-49
5 = 50-59
6 = 60-69
7 = 70-79
8 = 80-89
9 = 90-99
10 = 100-109
11 = 110-119
12 = 120-129
27 = 270-279

Proportion of Book Devoted to Child Training
1 = 0-99%

Year Fieldwork Began
86 = 1860-69
87 = 1870-79
88 = 1880-89
89 = 1890-99
90 = 1900-09
91 = 1910-19
92 = 1920-29
93 = 1930-39
94 = 1940-49
95 = 1950-59
96 = 1960-69
97 = 1970-79

Total Months of Fieldwork
19 = ninteen and over (up to 99)

Age of Informants
1 = Adults
2 = Children and Adults

Sex of Informants
1 = Males
2 = Females
3 = Both

Number of Informants
1 = One
2 = Two or Three
3 = 4 to 7
4 = 8 to 10
5 = 11 or more

Number of Verification Efforts
0 = None
5 = 5 or more

Language Familiarity
1 = Little or none
2 = Some
3 = Fluent

Community Involvement
1 = Limited
2 = Intermediate
3 = Extensive

Importance of Agriculture
0 = 0%
5 = 5%
10 = 10%
15 = %
20 = %
25 = %
30 = %
35 = %
40 = %
45 = %
50 = %
55 = %
60 = %
65 = %
70 = %
75 = %
80 = %
85 = %
90 = %

Importance Domes. Anim
0 = %
5 = %
10 = %
15 = %
20 = %
25 = %
30 = %
35 = %
40 = %
45 = %
50 = %
55 = %
60 = %
65 = %
70 = %
75 = %
80 = %
85 = %
90 = %

Importance Trade
0 = 0%
5 = 5%
10 = 10%
15 = 15%
20 = 20%
25 = 25%
30 = 30%
35 = %
40 = %
45 = %
50 = %
55 = %
60 = %
65 = 65%
70 = 70%
75 = 75%
80 = 80%
85 = 85%
90 = 90%

Principal Subsistence Category
1 = G Gathering
2 = H Hunting
3 = F Fishing
4 = I Incipient Agriculture
5 = D Domestic Animals
6 = E Extensive Agriculture
7 = N Intensive Agriculture
8 = T Trade

Percent female Contribution to Agriculture
0 = 0%
1 = 10%
2 = 20%
3 = 30%
4 = 40%
5 = 50%
6 = 60%
7 = 70%
8 = 80%
9 = 90%
10 = 100%

Sexual Expression in Adolescent Boys
2 = Not Approved
5 = Normally Approved
8 = Strongly Approved

Sexual Nonrestraint in Adolescent Boys
2 = Strictly Prohibited
5 = Disapproved & Punished
8 = Condoned & Not Punished

Boys: Differentiation of Adolescence from Childhood
1 = Low, Mostly the Same
2 = Substantial but Inconsistent
3 = High with Formal Transition

Girls: Differentiation of Adolescence from Childhood
1 = Low, Mostly the Same
2 = Substantial, but Inconsistent
3 = High, with Formal Transition

Subsistence Economy: Dominant Mode
1 = Advanced Agriculture
2 = Horticulture
3 = SImple or Shifting Cultivation
4 = Domestic Animals
5 = Exchange
6 = Fishing
7 = Gathering
8 = Hunting

Subsistence Economy: Subsidiary Mode
1 = Advanced Agriculture
2 = Horticulture
3 = Simple or Shifting Cultivation
4 = Domestic Animals
5 = Exchange
6 = Fishing
7 = Gathering
8 = Hunting

Political Integration
1 = Independent local communities
2 = Single level of political integration
3 = Two levels of supra-community intergration
4 = Three or more levels of supra-community integration

Rule of Descent: Primary
1 = Matrilineal, w/non-avunculocal residence
2 = Matrilnineal, w/predominnatly avuncuolocal residence
3 = Nonlineal/bilateral,i.e. w/o lineages though often w/kindred
4 = Ambilineal, e.g. with nonunilineal ramages
5 = Quasi-Patrilineal, incipient or decadent patrilineages
6 = Patrilineal
8 = Patrilineal, w/ Matrilineal secondary
9 = ", predominantly avunculocal residence, w/Patrilineal second

Adequacy of HRAF File
1 = Inadequate
2 = Useful
3 = Satisfactory

Outline of World Cultures Region COde (Murdock 1975)
1 = Asia
2 = Europe
3 = Africa
4 = Middle East
5 = North America
6 = Oceania
7 = Russia
8 = South America

Outline of World Cultures Country Code (Murdock 1975)
A-Z = Subdivisions of the Above coded as numbers 1-26

Ethnographic Atlas Region Code (Murdock 1962)
1 = Asia
2 = Circum-Mediterranean
3 = East Eurasia
4 = Insular Pacific
5 = North America
6 = South America

Niche Temperature (Aprroximate) Adapted from William Goode, World Atlas
1 = Very hot
2 = Hot
3 = Warm
4 = Mild
5 = Cool
6 = Cold
7 = Very cold
8 = Polar

Niche Rainfall (Approximate) Adapted from WIlliam Goode, World Atlas
1 = Tropical rainforest
2 = Very wet
3 = Wet
4 = Moderately wet
5 = Dry
6 = Very dry
7 = Desert

Climate Type- Ordered in terms of Open Access to Rich Ecological Resources
1 = Polar
2 = Desert or cold steppe
3 = Tropical rainforest
4 = Moist temperate
5 = Tropical savanna
6 = Tropical highlands

Subsistence Type- Ecological Classification
1 = Gathering
2 = Hunting and/or Marine Animals
3 = Fishing
4 = Anadromous Fishing (spawning fish such as Salmon)
5 = Mounted Hunting
6 = Pastoralism
7 = Shifting Cultivation, with digging sticks or wooden hoes
8 = Shifting Cultivations, with metal hoes
9 = Horticultural Gardens or Tree Fruits
10 = Advanced Horticulture, with metal hoes
11 = Intensive Agriculture, with no plow
12 = Intensive Agriculture, with plow

Resources Base- Reclassification of above, as per Paige and Paige
1 = (2) Hunting and/or Marine Animals
2 = (1) Gathering
3 = (3) Fishing
4 = (5) Mounted Hunting
5 = (7) SHifting Cultivation, with digging sticks or wooden hoes
6 = (4) Anadomous Fishing
7 = (9) Horticultural Gardens or Tree Fruits
8 = (11) Intensive Agriculture, with no plow
9 = (10) Advanced Horticulture, with metal hoes
10 = (8) Shifting Cultivatiom, with metal hoes
11 = (6) Pastoralsim
12 = (12) Intensive Agriculture, with plow

Mourning Behavoir by Gender- from Variables 27-30, Rosenblatt, Scaled form low to high male emtionally
0 = No mourning
1 = Women cry more than men, women self-mutilate, not men
2 = Men self-mutilate more than women, crying equal
3 = Men self-mutilate more than women, show more aggression
4 = Men show more aggression than women, women cry more
5 = Equal self-mutilation if any, equal crying
6 = N=Men show more aggression not more self mulilation = crying

Cultural Basis of Polygyny
1 = Monogamy prescribed
2 = Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny
3 = Polygyny preferred by men with leadership attributes(chiefs)
4 = Polygyny preferred by men of higher social class(wealth etc)
5 = Polygyny preferred by most men, to obtain wives

Standard Polygamy Code: Whyte, Murdock and Wilson, Murdock Atlas
0 = Polyandry
1 = Monogamy prescribed
2 = Monogamy preferred, but exceptional cases of polygyny
3 = Limited polygyny <20% of married males
4 = Full polygyny 20% or more of married males

Sororal Polygyny
1 = No polygyny (M)
2 = Non-sororal polygyny predominant
3 = Sororal or marriage to wife's kin predominant
4 = Sororal or secondary marriage to wife's kin only

Sororal Polygyny
1 = 1No polygyny (M)
2 = 2Non-sororal polygyny predominant
3 = Sororal or marriage to wife's kin predominant
4 = 4Sororal or secondary marriage to wife's kin only

Distance between Co-Wives
0 = One wife, mulitple husbands
1 = One wife
2 = Co-residence for mulitple wives
3 = One wife resides w/husband others in separate houses
4 = One wife resides w/husband, others in separate community
5 = Separate housing in compound for every wife
6 = Separate housing in village for every wife

Rooming Arrangement for Wives
1 = Wife sleeps in same room with husband
2 = Wife sleeps in room apart from husband's room

Rooming Arrangement for Husband
1 = Husband has no room apart
2 = Husband has a room apart, even if rotates among wives

Higher rates of polygyny for men of wealth, rank, nobility, or higher class
0 = No Stratified polygny
1 = Hereditary upper social class
2 = Achieved rank connected with groups
3 = Achieved wealth- due to contribution of wives

Mutiple wives for skilled hunters
0 = No, or unimportant
1 = exceptional skill in hunting
2 = exceptional skill in cultivation
3 = exceptional skill in pastoralism (herding)

Mulitiple wives for Leaders, Headman, Chiefs
0 = No, or unimportant
1 = Yes, or Leaders have more wives than commoners

Mulitple wives for Medicine Men or Shamans
0 = No, or unimportant
1 = Yes

Additional wives or concubines form Slavery or Capture in Warfare
0 = No female captives
1 = Women taken as captives but not married
2 = Captives in war or slaves taken as wives or concubines

Percentage of Married Men with More than One Wife
1 = Percentage given

Reliability of Data for Percentage Polygynously Married
1 = Direct percentage: good quantitative data
2 = Direct percentage for make polygyny, 2 wives per man
3 = % female polygyny about ratios of men w/different # of wives
4 = True percentages are higher for both males and females
5 = est, form 0to 5% male polygyny, these are doubled for female

Polygyny Data Source
1 = Sample of over 100 married men
2 = Sample of less 100 married men, of an entire settlement

Dates for Polygyny Code
11 = 110 AD
29 = 1290-99
55 = 1550-59
63 = 1630-39
75 = 1675-79
82 = 1820-29
83 = 1830-39
84 = 1840-49
85 = 1850-59
86 = 1860-69
87 = 1870-79
88 = 1880-89
89 = 1890-99
90 = 1900-09
91 = 1910-19
92 = 1920-29
93 = 1930-39
94 = 1940-49
95 = 1950-59
96 = 1960-69
97 = 1970-79

Polygyny Distributions
0 = True Binomial
1 = Negative Binomial

Polygyny Guttman Scale I: "Co-Wife Autonomy"
0 = None of the following
1 = Stratified Polygyny (854) only
2 = Negative binomial (855), plus above
3 = Marriage of female captives (858), plus above
4 = General polygyny (849), plus above
5 = Rooming apart (853)m plus above
6 = Polygyny compounds (852), plus above

Polygyny Guttman Scale II: "Charismatic"
0 = None of the following
1 = Rooming together (853) only
2 = Co-wives same dwelling (852), plus above
3 = Sororal (851), plus above
4 = Polygynous hunters (855), plus above
5 = Exclusive sororal polygyny (851), plus above

Soroal Polygyny vs Other Marriage
0 = Non-Sororal or Mono
1 = Sororal Polygyny

Shaman
0 = Absent
1 = Present

Healer
0 = Absent
1 = Present
2 = Present2

Female Contribution to Subsistence: Average of Three Scores
0 = 0-4%
1 = 5-14%
2 = 15-24%
3 = 25-34%
4 = 35-44%
5 = 45-54%
6 = 55-64%
7 = 65-74%
8 = 75-84%
9 = 85-99%

Frequency of Internal War
1 = Continual
2 = Frequent
3 = Infrequent

Form of Military Mobilization
1 = Age-Grades, Military Societies, Standing Armies
2 = Friends, Family, Lineage, Clan
3 = No Military Organization

Decision to Engage in War
1 = Taken by Official or Council of the Political Community
2 = Anyone

Commencement of War
1 = By Announcement
2 = By Mutual Agreement
3 = By Surprise Attack

Conclusion of War
1 = By Negotiation
2 = By Simply Stopping
3 = War is continual

Military Expectations I
1 = Hi
2 = Low

Casualty Rate
1 = Hi (1/3rd or more of Combatants)
2 = Low

Leadership During Battle
1 = An Official Backed by Force
2 = Informal Leader Obeyed by Respect
3 = Everyone is on His Own

Prestige Associated with Being a Soldier or Warrior
1 = A Great Deal; Important for every male
2 = Some, not necessary to be a Warrior to have Influence
3 = No Special Respect for Man who Fights

Cowardice: Defined as
1 = Refusing to Fight
2 = Leaving Companions
3 = Running Away

Rewards (Special Gifts, Praises, or Ceremonies, not including ritual purification for a man who killed an emeny)
1 = Yes, Usually or Always
2 = Sometimes
3 = Rarely or Never

Value of War: Violence/War Against Non-Members of the Group
1 = Enjoyed and Has High Value
2 = Considered a Necessary Evil
3 = Avoided, Denounced, Not Engaged In

Military Success: Is Political Community/Cultural Unit Winning or Losing in the Long Run
1 = Yes, Boundaries & Population are Expanding
2 = No Change
3 = Breaking Evan, Territory Lost is Taken From Others
4 = No, Bound. & Pop. are Shrinking

Subjugation of Territory or People
1 = Present
2 = Absent or not mentioned

Historical fram efor pinpointing date where slaveholding present
-1 = No slaveholding
0 = 1750 BC
1 = 620 BC
2 = Ealry 100s
3 = 1292
4 = Early 1500s
5 = Mid 1500s
6 = 1600-1650
7 = Mid 1700s
8 = Lete 1700s
9 = 1780-1820
10 = Early 1800s
11 = 1800-1910
12 = 1850-1950
13 = 1800s
14 = Mid 1800s
15 = Late 1800s
16 = Late 1800s - Early 1900s
17 = Late 1800s - 1910
18 = Late 1800s - 1930s
19 = Early 1900s
20 = 1900 - 1920s
21 = 1900 - 1930s
22 = 1900 - 1940s

Manumission of slaves
1 = Infrequent
2 = Not common
3 = Frequent
4 = No data on rates of manumission, hereditary slaveholding
5 = Herdit. nt prest. Patterson def, prest. Murdock defintion
6 = Heredit. slaveholding not preset Patterson, preset Murdock
7 = Not present Patterson def. Nonherdit. present Murdock
8 = Slavery not present by either definition
9 = Slavery not present by either, but societies have ex-slave

Large scale slaveholding systems: recency
0 = Not present
1 = Present at or immediate proir to pinpointing date
2 = Present within past fifty years
3 = Present within past one hundred years
4 = Present within past two hundred years
5 = Present within past htree hundred years

Large scale slaveholding systems: proportion of slaves
0 = Not present
1 = 1/6 to 1/3 of society, sometimes more
2 = 1/3 or more
3 = more than 40 percent
4 = more than 50 percent
5 = more than 80 percent

Agricultural Potential 1: Sum of Land Slope, Soils, Climate Scales
4 = Poorest potential
5 = 5
6 = 6
7 = 7
8 = 8
9 = 9
10 = 10
11 = 11
12 = 12
13 = 13
14 = 14
15 = 15
16 = 16
17 = 17
18 = 18
19 = 19
20 = 20
21 = 21
22 = 22
23 = Richest potential

Land Slope
4 = Steepy dissected
6 = Rolling to hilly (8% to30% slope)
8 = Level to gently undulating (0 to 8% slope)

Data Quality: Inferences
0 = Good data
1 = Inferential

Suitability of Soild for Agriculture
0 = Very Poor
2 = Poor
4 = Fair
6 = Good
8 = Very good

Climate
0 = Non applicable, too cold for agriculture
2 = Poor
3 = Poor-Fair
4 = Fair
5 = Fair-Good
6 = Good
7 = Good-Very Good
8 = Very Good

Agricultural Potetial 2: Lowest of Land SLopes, Soils, Climate Scales
0 = Lowest
2 = Low
3 = Medium-Low
4 = Medium
5 = Medium-High
6 = High
7 = High-Very High
8 = Very High

Average Annual Rainfall
0 = 0mm < rainfall < 20mm
1 = 20mm < rainfall < 50mm
2 = 50mm < rainfall < 100mm
3 = 100mm < rainfall < 200mm
4 = 200mm < rainfall < 400mm
5 = 400mm < rainfall < 600mm
6 = 600mm < rainfall < 800mm
7 = 800 mm < rainfall < 800mm
8 = 1000mm < rainfall

Female physical appearance during the daily routine
1 = The amount, style, color, or material of garment worn
2 = Paraphernalia (belts, footwear, headgear)
3 = The amount, style, or placement of jewelry
4 = The style, lenght, or color of head hair
5 = The growth of facial hair (moustaches and beards)
6 = The use of cosmetics
7 = Removal of body hair
8 = Deformation or mutilization of the body
9 = Deformation or mutiliation of the genitals

Sleeping Arrangements of Adolescent Females
1 = Girls marry before or at puberty & live with husband
2 = Sleep in same dwelling as parents & sibs
3 = In Parents but separate area
4 = In Parents but with mother
5 = In Parents but only with girls
6 = In Parents but males outside
7 = In Parents but separate area & males outside
8 = With Mother, males elsewhere outside
9 = Girls in own hut, boys in theirs

Where Spouses Sleep
1 = Together
2 = Together
3 = Together
4 = Togeth but Men's House
5 = Wife's Room
6 = Men's House

Eating arrangements: the spatial arrangement of the sexes during the main meal of the day, ceremonies or when guests ar
1 = Men & women eat together. No particular arrangement is set.
2 = Men & women eat together. position accroding to kinship.
3 = Men & women dont' eat together in public,may do in pirvate
4 = Men & women do not eat togethe & eat in different areas
5 = Men & women do not eat together; they eat diffferent times

Individual ordeal involved at the onset of the menses. The categories are arranged according to the severity of the ord
1 = No ordeal reported but may be a change in physical outlook
2 = Slight ordeal, a relaxed period of seclusion, eating taboos
3 = Moderate ordeal,strict seclusion ,restraint of movement,
4 = Severe ordeal,painful physical operation.lenghty seclusion

Social celebration involved at the onset of the menses. Arranged according to the amount of celebration and the extent o
1 = There is no celebration of any kind
2 = There is a small celebration, the family group has a party
3 = Moderate party,family,friends have a feast ,dance,give gifts
4 = Elaborate celebration,community,kin group celebrate a while

The social signifcance of change in a woman's position with the onset of menstruation. THe categories are ranked accordi
1 = Not especially significant beyond change in dress, name, etc
2 = Main significant she is adult w/ more social responsiblity
3 = Main significant she is capable of having intercourse
4 = Main significance she is eligible for marriage & have sex
5 = Main significance is she is eligible for marriage
6 = Main significance she is eligible for marriage & is an adult
7 = Main significance she is eligible for marriage & bear child.
8 = Main singificance she is capable of bearing children

Personal restrictions or regular menstruation. Ranked according to the degree to which the woman is socially isolated d
1 = No restriction during this period, carries out activities
2 = Restrictions on personal activities not social
3 = Restrictions on personal & social movements
4 = Few restrictions placed on her personal & social activities
5 = Moderate restrictions, may not cook, see certain people
6 = Severe restrictions, secluded in a menstrual hut

Social Danger: which person would be most harmed if the woman did not adhere to her mentstrual restrictions. Ranked acc
1 = No one is thought to be endangered during this period
2 = Only the menstruating woman is endangered
3 = The woman endangers her husband
4 = The woman endagers men.
5 = The woman endangers other womeen and/or children
6 = The woman endangers anyone with whom she comes in contact
7 = The woman endangers her social group

Personal restrictionss on pregnancy. Ranked according to the degree of segregation from social contacts thati is invovle
1 = No modification is reported
2 = She modifies usual garments she wears ex.loosefitting clothe
3 = She modifies the use of her sensory apparatus
4 = She modifies her diet ex.avoid eating certain foods
5 = She modifies her usual domestic or econimic duties
6 = She modifies her usual mobility
7 = She modifies her usual social relations
8 = She modifiies her participation on social groups & activitie

Purpose of pregnancy restrictions: Ranked according to the extensiveness of the social harm that may result from a woman
1 = They are to prevent harm to the baby
2 = They are to prevent harm to the mother ex difficult delivery
3 = They are to prevent harm to the baby adn the mother
4 = They are to prevent harm to anyone she comes in contact with

Special segregation at birth: Location of the woman when she gives birth: where the birth of the first child takes place
1 = No special place is prepared for the birth of the child
2 = The woman gives birth in her place of residence
3 = The woman gives birth in her residence but in a special room
4 = The woman gives birth in a area near her residence
5 = The woman does not give birth in any special dwelling
6 = She gives birth in a structure constructed for the purpose
7 = The woman gives birth at an affinal relative
8 = The woman gives birth at a consanguineal relative

Residence of the new parents at the birth of their first child
1 = Temporary matrilocality
2 = Permanent matrilocality
3 = Ambilicality
4 = Neolocality
5 = Patrilocality

Purpose of personal birth restrictions. Each category indicates why the taboos & resrtictions on a woman's personal beh
1 = Restrictions are on her to promote safety for the child
2 = Restrictions are imposed on her to prevent harm to her care
3 = Restrictions are imposed to prevent harm to her & her baby
4 = Restrictions are imposed to prevent harm to those around her

Durarion of personal birht restrictions. Each catergory specifies a period of time after birth before the woman resumes
1 = 0-7 days
2 = 8-14days
3 = 15-30 days
4 = 31-60 days
5 = more than two months

Type of birth celebration
1 = There is no celebration for the mother or child after birth
2 = There is no celebration after birth, offer congratulations
3 = There is a minor celebration after birth, small meal, drinks
4 = There is moderate amont of celebration after birth, feast
5 = There is an elaborate celebration after the birth

When the birth celebration occurs
1 = Immediately or a few days after delivery
2 = After the mother comes out of confinement
3 = When the baby is named or baptized
4 = When the baby and mother come out of confinement
5 = Other

Participants in the birth celebration. The code indicates the most extensive group which participates in the celebration
1 = No one is involved in a celebration
2 = The husband's family
3 = Friends and neighbors
4 = The wife's kin unit
5 = Friends of the H and W and "relatives"
6 = The W's and H's kin units of a group more extensive than fam
7 = Community or large social, group which the H and W belong

Preferred sex and number of children
1 = They want very few children, regardless of sex
2 = They prefer to have males ranther than females
3 = They prefer to have females rather than males, regardless #
4 = Either sex is acceptable, healthy child wanted
5 = They prefer a large number of children, regardless of sex

Explanation of barrenness
1 = Barrenness is regarded as the fault of a sterile/impotent H
2 = Barrenness is regarded as an unfortunate physical condition
3 = Barrenness is regarded as the fault of others who has malice
4 = Barrenness is regarded as the fault of other who break taboo
5 = Barenness is regarded as the fault of supernatural forces
6 = Barrenness is regarded as fault to the woman being punished
7 = Barrenness is regarded as a punishment tto a woman

Penalties for barrenness
1 = No penalties are reported
2 = Remedies are actively sought to correct the condition
3 = Provision is made for a child by adoption for fosterage
4 = Provision tis made for a child, H takind 2nd wife
5 = The woman's husband can or does divorce her
6 = The woman is ostracized b/c she has no children

Contraception: knowledge and use of means to prevent the conception of children
1 = No contraception is known about or used
2 = Contraception is present, but there is no info on the method
3 = There is a rudimentary form of contraception
4 = Contraception is present by implication
5 = There is a long post-partum sex taboos & rudimentary contra.
6 = There is a long post-partum sex taboos & the woman practice
7 = The woman is primarily responsible for contraception

Social Approval for Abortion
1 = Occurs but no data on Frequency
2 = Permit & Frequent
3 = Permit & Infrequent
4 = Disapprov & Occur
5 = Disapprov & Rare

Rationale for Abortions
1 = No Abortions
2 = Concern for Mother
3 = Revenge on Husband
4 = Concern for Child
5 = Out of Wedlock
6 = Illicit Relationship
7 = Other

Social Disapproval for Infanticide
1 = Occurs but no data
2 = Premit & Frequent
3 = Permit & Infrequent
4 = Disapprov & Occurs
5 = Disapprov & no Occur

Rationale for Infanticide
1 = No Infanticide
2 = Mother's Welfare
3 = Revenge on Husband
4 = Child's Welfare
5 = Child Deformed
6 = Multiple Birth
7 = Female Child
8 = Illicit Relationship
9 = Other

Restrictions on the occasion of intercourse
1 = Not during menstruation
2 = Not for a period after childbirth or during pregnancy
3 = Not during menstruation, pregnancy or after child birth
4 = Not occur before, during, or after life cycle events
5 = Other
6 = Not before, during, and/or after a military expedition
7 = Not before, during, or after a major economic activity
8 = Not occur before, during and/or after a ritual program
9 = It cannot occur before, during and/or after non-life cycle

Extensions of the incest taboo
1 = No extention beyond the nuclear family is reported
2 = Bilateral extensions by cross or parallel cousins
3 = Bilateral extension by degree of cousinage from ego
4 = Other
5 = Matrilineal extensions, with or without other bilateral ext.
6 = Patrilineal extentions, with or w/out other bilateral exten.
7 = Extensions based on nonkinship considerations

Violation of the incest taboo
1 = None or mild punishment
2 = Moderate punishment
3 = Severe punishment
4 = Punishment ot others than the offenders
5 = Punishment ot the total social group
6 = Punishment that affects the offenders and their social group

Restrictions on Premarital Sex
1 = It is permitted for both sexes
2 = It is permitted for both but in limited contexts
3 = It is permitted and not punished unless pregnancy results
4 = It is permitted for males but not females
5 = Premarital relations are disaproved but not infrequent fact
6 = Insistence on virginity for the woman, no info on male
7 = Premarital relations are strongly disapproved and rare

Violation of restrictions on permarital sex
1 = Neither she nor her partner face punishment
2 = Her partner is punished, but she is not
3 = Mild punishment for the women
4 = Moderate punishment for the woman
5 = Severe punishment, banished from social group or killed

Restrictions and Extramarital Sex
1 = Permitted for both H and W
2 = Permitted for both but in limited context
3 = Permitted and not punished unless pregnancy results
4 = Permitted for the husband but not for the wife
5 = Weakly prohibited
6 = Strongly prohibited

Punishment for extramarital sex
1 = No or mild punishment
2 = Generally mild punishment
3 = Moderate punishment, beating or incarceration
4 = Generally moderate punishment, she can be killed or divorced
5 = The woman is divorced
6 = She is generally divorced, but can be killed for it
7 = Severe punishment, permanent physical damage, or killed
8 = The woman is killed or commits suicide

Violation: who is punished for adultery
1 = No one is punished
2 = Only the lover is punished
3 = Both the lover and the woman is punished, the man is worse
4 = Both the man and the woman are equally punished
5 = Both the woman and her lover are punished, woman more severe
6 = Only the woman is punished

Violation: who punishes adultery
1 = No punishment for the women
2 = The husband punishes his wife and/or her lover
3 = A representative of the husbands family punishes her
4 = A representative of the wife's family punishes her
5 = The community as a whole or its representative punishes her
6 = Supernatural consequences fall upon the woman

Age of Woman at Establishment of marriage: first marriage
1 = Under 12 years
2 = 12-15 years
3 = 16-17 years
4 = 18-21 years
5 = 22-25 years
6 = 26 years and older

Choice of spouse: social restrictions which limit an individual's choice of whom he can marry
1 = Bilateral considerations, including not marrying a relative
2 = Bilateral consideration, specifically cross&parrallel cousin
3 = Kinship of a matrilineal or matrilateral nature
4 = Kinship of a patrilineal or patrilateral nature
5 = Locality where the potential spouse belongs
6 = The tribe to which the potential spouse belongs
7 = The age or generation of the potential spouse
8 = The status of the potential spouse

Marriage proposal: Besides the groom, whose proposal is regarded as most necessary in initiating marriage
1 = The bride's family or a relative of the bride
2 = The bride's and groom's family
3 = The groom's kin group and the bride's family
4 = The bride's kin group and the groom's family
5 = The kin groups of the bride and groom

Consent to marry: how necessaryis the consent of the prospective wife for marriage arrangment to proceed
1 = Propective spouse's consent is necessay
2 = The prospective spouse is consulted
3 = The prospective spouse is not consulted

Consent to marry: how necessary is the consent of the prospective Husband for marriage arrangements to proceed
1 = Propective spouse's consent is necessary
2 = The prospective spouse is consulted
3 = The prospective spouse is not consulted

Degree pf marriage celebration
1 = No celebration
2 = Small celebration
3 = Moderate celebration
4 = Elaborate celebration

Type of participants in the wedding
1 = Friends of the couple
2 = Family of the bride & groom
3 = Kin group of the bride or groom
4 = Families of the bride & groom
5 = Kin groups or "relatives" of the bride & groom
6 = The community

The rights transferred by women at marriage
1 = RIghts concerning priority of sxual access
2 = Rights concerning offspring
3 = Rights concerning choice of residence
4 = Rights concerning domestic services
5 = Rights concerning choice of resident & economic labor

The rights transferred by men at marriage
1 = Rights concerning proirity of sexual access
2 = Rights concerning offspring
3 = Rights concerning choice of residence
4 = Rights concerning domestic services
5 = Rights concerning economic labor
6 = Rights concerning choice of residence & economic labor

Finality: factors that are important for the firm establishment of a marriage
1 = After children or children of the appropriate sex are born
2 = After cohabitation & the birht of children
3 = After cohabitation
4 = After children are born & after bride price is paid
5 = After a marriage ceremony
6 = After bride-price has been paid

Grounds for divorce: wife's reasons given for dissolving a marriage
1 = There is no divorce
2 = Reproductive problems
3 = Illicit sexual relationship
4 = Physical violence
5 = Incompatibility with affines
6 = Desertion or ectreme neglect
7 = Incompatibility with affines
8 = Failure in economic or domestic duties

Grounds for divorce: husbands reasons given for dissolving a marriage
1 = There is no divorce
2 = Reproductive problems
3 = Illicit sexual relationship
4 = Physical violence
5 = Incompatibility
6 = Desertion or extreme neglect
7 = Incompatibility with affines
8 = Failure in economic or domestic duties
9 = None or trival grounds

Restrictions on divorce
1 = Divorce is allowed for both H and W
2 = Divorce is more difficult for a man to obtain
3 = Divorce is difficult and/or has a low frequenct for both H&W
4 = Divorce is more difficult for the wife to obtain

Rights over offspring after divorce
1 = No divorce
2 = Wife keeps all the children
3 = Custody of chidren depend on age and who they wan to be with
4 = Each spouse has custody of some of the children
5 = Custudy depend on the circumstances of the divorce
6 = THe husband has custody of all of the children

Remarriage after divorce
1 = Both H and W may remarry
2 = Both the H and W may remarry, but easier for H
3 = It is difficult for both the H and W to remarry after divorc
4 = No divorce

Property exchanges after divorce
1 = There is no divorce
2 = No financial transactiond occur after a divorce, equal share
3 = The H or his kin pay compensation
4 = The transictiond that occur depend on the circumstances
5 = Other
6 = The wife and/or her kin group pay compensation

Remarriage of widows
1 = She may remarry anyone she chooses
2 = May remarry but often chooses not to
3 = May remarry. choice constrained by family
4 = May remarry, 1st priority is to husband kin
5 = May remarry, most be husband relative, or chosen by H kin
6 = She may not remarry

Length of time before a widow remarries
1 = 0-6 months
2 = 6 months to less than a year
3 = 1 year to less than 2 years
4 = More than 2 years
5 = No remarriage

Importance of Mothers for boys
2 = Rarely the major caretaker
4 = SOmetimes the major caretaker
5 = Often ?
6 = Frequently the major caretaker
7 = Very Frequent ?
8 = Almost always the major caretaker

Importance of Others for boys
2 = Rarely the major caretaker
4 = Sometimes the major caretaker
6 = Frequently the major caretaker
8 = Almost always the major caretaker

Identification of Others for boys
1 = Adults in household or community (other than parents)
2 = Elders in communtiy ( often elder males for boys, vice versa
3 = Grandparents, usually grandmother
4 = Mother's brother or mother's sister
5 = Peers, age-mates, older youths, but no siblings
6 = Siblings (usually older sisters)

Importance of Others for girls
2 = Rarely the major caretaker
4 = Sometimes the major caretaker
5 = Often ?
6 = Frequently the major caretaker
8 = Almost always the major caretaker

Identification of others for girls
1 = Adults in household or community (other than parents)
2 = Elders in community (often elder males for boys, vive versa)
3 = Granparents, usually grandmother
4 = Motehr's brother or mother's sister
5 = Peers, age-mates, older youths, but not siblings
6 = Siblings, (usually older sisters)

Identification of Others for boys and girls, without regard to gender
1 = Adults in household or community (other than parents)
2 = Elders in community
3 = Granparents, usually grandmother
4 = Mother's brother or mother's sister
5 = Peers, age-mates, older youths, but not siblings
6 = Siblings (usually older sisters)

Enculturarive Continuity for boys
2 = Discontinuity, fundamental
4 = Discontinuity, significant
5 = both elements?
6 = Signigicant continuity (Minor elements only of discontinuity
7 = Very Significant?
8 = Fundamental contunuity

Incomplete Continuity for boys: age
1 = around age five ( or slightly younger)
2 = around age six
3 = around age seven
4 = around age eight
5 = around age nine
6 = around age ten

Enculture Continuity for girls
2 = Fundamental discontinuity
4 = Significant discontinuity
5 = both elements?
6 = Significant continuity (Minor elements only of discontinuity
7 = Very Significant ?
8 = Fundamental continuity

Incomplete Continuity for girls: age
1 = around age five (or slightly younger)
2 = around age six
3 = around age seven
4 = around age eight
5 = around age nine
6 = around age ten

Enculturative Continuity for both boys and girls without regard for gender
2 = Fundamental dicontinuity
4 = Significant discontinuity
5 = both elements ?
6 = Significant continuity (Minor elements only of discontinuity
7 = Very Significant ?
8 = Fundamental continuity

Classification of World System position
1 = Core 1 Central Agribus.
2 = Core 2 Central Commerc.
3 = Semiperip 1 Mediators
4 = Semiperip 2 Mediators
5 = Periphery 1a Export
6 = Periphery 1b Export
7 = Periphery 1c Export
8 = Periphery 1d Export
9 = Periphery 2a Traders
10 = Pheriphery 2c Markets
11 = Periphery 2b Traders
12 = Marginal 1 partners
13 = Marginal 2 Raiding

Trade and Markets
1 = External to world economy
2 = External trade "Partners"
3 = No marketpalce, but incoming traders for bulk goods
4 = Marketplace, market effects for bulk goods
5 = Entrepreneurs & Creditors for other areas
6 = Central trading

Cropping
0 = No agriculture or unimportant
1 = Subsistence agriculture only
2 = Sale of subsistence crop, unimportant
3 = Sale of subsistence crop, important
4 = Specialized cash crops present but unimportant
5 = Specialized cash crops important
6 = Sharecropping
7 = Commercial Farming
8 = Industrial Agriculture

Labor
1 = No wage or coerced labor
2 = Coerced labor- internal
3 = Coerced labor-external
4 = Labor hired- local service occupations
5 = Migrant wage labor
6 = Local wage labor
7 = Market for all types of labor

Labor Recoding
0 = No wage labor, no coerced labor
1 = labor hired- in kind or local service occupations only
2 = Internal coerced labor only
3 = External coerced labor
4 = Sporadic wage labor
5 = Divided or exempted wage labor
6 = Inportant wage labor

Tool Categories Imported
0 = 0 categories
1 = 1category
2 = 2 categories
3 = 3 categories
4 = 4 categories
5 = 5 categories
6 = 6 categories
7 = 7 categories
8 = 8 categories

Change in 100 years prior to observation
0 = No change
1 = Change as result of world-sysytem contact
2 = Change, but not result of world-sysytem contact

Extent of Change in Subsistence or Supportive System
0 = No change
1 = Partial
2 = Total change in subsistence system
3 = Total Change: anihilation

Agricultural Intensification: Increase in inputs without increasing LAnd area of Food Production
0 = No change/Not applicable
1 = Change in intensification

New Crops
0 = No
1 = Yes

Change in Settlement Patterns
0 = No change/Not applicable
1 = Change is settlement patterns

Expansions of Land utilized in Subsistence or Supportive Practices
0 = No change/Not appplicable
1 = Change in expansion

Major Loss of Subsistence Mode
0 = No change/Not applicable
1 = Major loss

Warfare Mortality
0 = low or absent
1 = high

Internal Warfare
0 = Absent
1 = Present
2 = Civil War, in absence of fueding or other internal wars

Pacification by Date of Observation
1 = Yes

Some External War
0 = absent
1 = present

Variable Not Identified
0 = ??
1 = ??
2 = ??

log10 of Total Population
1 = 10-99
2 = 100-999
3 = 1000-9999
4 = 10000-99999
5 = 100000-999999
6 = 1000000-9999999
7 = 10000000-99999999
8 = 100000000-999999999

Major Agricultural Staple
0 = Agriculuture not practiced or confined to non-food crops
10 = Buckwheat
11 = Wheat
12 = Barley
13 = Millet
14 = Sorghum
15 = Maize
16 = Dry Rice
17 = Wet Rice
18 = Rye
19 = Teff
21 = Yam
22 = Taro or Okuma
23 = White Potato
24 = Cassava (Manioc)
25 = Sweet Potato
26 = Tubers in general
31 = Bananas or Plantains
32 = Breadfruit
33 = Coconut
34 = Ensete
35 = Sago and other Palms
36 = Pandanus

Second Agricultural Staple
0 = Agricultureal not practiced or confines to non-food crops
1 = No secondary agricultural staple
10 = Buckwheat
11 = Wheat
12 = Barley
13 = Millet
14 = Sorghum
15 = Maize
16 = Dry Rice
17 = Wet Rice
18 = Rye
19 = Teff

Second Agricultural Staple Data Quality: Inferences
0 = Good Data
1 = Inferential

Crop Type Plow-Positive or -Negative
0 = Agriculture not practiced or confined to non-food crops
1 = Plow-negative(Millet,Sorghum,Maize,Dry Rice,Rye,Root Crops)
2 = Plow-positive(Buckwheat, Wheat, Barley, Wet Rice, Rye, Teff)

Cropping Index
0 = Agriculture not practiced or confined to non-food crops
1 = less than 10%of land used per year
2 = 10%-29% of land used per year
3 = 30%- 49% of land used per year
4 = 50% -99% of land used per year
5 = 100% or more of land used per year

Population Density
2 = less than 1 per square mile
3 = 1- 4.9 per square mile
4 = 5- 24.9 per sqaure mile
5 = 25- 99.9 per square mile
6 = 99- 499.9 per square mile
7 = 500 or more per square mile

Political Intergration
0 = Insufficient information, or not coded
1 = Absence, even at local level
2 = Autonomous local communities (not > 1,500)
3 = Peace groups transcending local community
4 = Minimal States (15,00-10,000)
5 = Little States (10,000-100,000)
6 = States (at least 100,000)
8 = Dependent societies

Maximum Harem Size
1 = 3 conjugal relationships or less
2 = 4-10 conjugal relationships
3 = 11-100 conjugal relationships
4 = More than 100 conjugal relationships

Despotic Bias in Conflict Resolution: Degree of Despotism
1 = Despotism absent: bias in the resolution of individual
2 = Depotism present: Conflicts of interest among individuals

Jurisdictional Perquisites
1 = Perquisistes are small, reward less than a bride price
2 = Perguisites are substantial, greater/equal to bride price

Infidelity: Adultery- Divorce Causes
0 = Not mentioned as cause of divorce
1 = Husband
2 = Both
3 = Unspecified
4 = Wife

Evil Eye Scaled Rating
1 = Absent, incontrovertibly
2 = Absent, almost certainly
3 = Absent, probably
4 = Absent, possibly
5 = Present, possibly
6 = Present, probably
7 = Present, almost certainly
8 = Present, incontrovertibly

Sororate
0 = Not present in either
1 = Junior sibling only
2 = Half sibling only
3 = Full sororate or Levirate

Levirate
0 = Not present in either
1 = Junior sibling only
2 = Half sibling only
3 = full sororate or levirate

Structurally Opposed Kin Groups
0 = localized kin groups, not effectively exogamous
1 = nonlocalized kin groups, not effectively exagamous
2 = localized kin groups, effective kin exogamy
3 = nonlocalized kin groups, effictive kin exogamy
4 = segmentary organization
5 = Quasi-unilineal kin groups, effective kin exogamy

Exogamous Nonlocalized Descent Groups
0 = bilateral
1 = nonexclusive ambilineal
2 = exclusive ambilineal
3 = exclusive ambilineal
4 = Quasi-unilineal

Indirect Exchange of Wives
0 = Direct exchange
1 = no first or second cross cousin marriage
2 = matrilineal second cross cousin marriage tendency
3 = matrilineal first cross cousin marriage tendency

Bridewealth
0 = dowry
1 = no exchange at marriage
2 = gift exchange or token bridewealth if descent matrilineal
3 = brideprice or brideservice
4 = not applicable: sister exchange

Kin Behavior: Sister and Brother
1 = Aviodance
2 = Respect
3 = Informality
4 = Forbidden sex relations
5 = Joking
6 = Sex privileged relationship

Female Body Type Considered Most Attractive
1 = plump or fat
2 = (original code1.5)
3 = moderate degree of fatness
4 = Slim or slender

Exposure of Adolescent Girls to Male Sexual Advances
1 = continuous formal chaperonage
2 = Protection by Adult groups
3 = (original code 2.5)
4 = Protection by parents only
5 = protection by peers
6 = (original code 4.5)
7 = no prptection

Consequences For Adolescent girls Pegnant Before Marriage
1 = no bad consequences
2 = illegitimacy diapproved
3 = (original code 2.5)
4 = public disapproval
5 = (original code 3.5)
6 = Ostracism, permanent loss of status and support

Degree of Public Awareness of Menarche
1 = only mother and daughter know
2 = Family knowledge
3 = (original code 2.5)
4 = Quiet segregation and/ or recognition among women outside
5 = (original code 3.5)
6 = public ceremony

Leishmanias
1 = Absent or not recorded
2 = Present, no indication of severity
3 = Present and serious, widespread

Total Pathogen Stress
7 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 7
8 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 8
9 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 9
10 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 10
11 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 11
12 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 12
13 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 13
14 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 14
15 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 15
16 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 16
17 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 17
18 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 18
19 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 19
20 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 20
21 = Sum of variables 1253-1259 is 21

Ordinary Nutional Conditions and Endemic Starvation
1 = Very Low
2 = Low
3 = High
4 = Very High

Temporal Control Codes for Seasonal Starvation
0 = Post-dates ethnographic present
1 = Remote:more than 20 years prior to the focus date
2 = Proximate:no more than 20 years prior to the focus date

Temporal Control Codes for the Occurence of Famine
0 = Post-dates ethnographic present
1 = Very Remote:more than 200 years prior to the focus date
2 = Remote:between 100 and 200 years prior to focus date
3 = Proximate:between 20 and 100 years prior to focus date
4 = Very Proximate: within 20 years of focus date

Adult LAnd Clearance--Primary Crop
0 = Activity not present
1 = Men only
2 = Men predominant
3 = Men and women equal
4 = Women predominant
5 = Women only
6 = Not an adult task
7 = Adult task, No data on sex
8 = Men, no data on women
9 = Women, no data on men
10 = Slaves only

Child Land Clearance--Primary Crop
0 = Activity not present
1 = Boys only
2 = Boys predominant
3 = Boys and girls equal
4 = Girls predominant
5 = Girls only
6 = Not a child's task
7 = Child task, no data on sex
8 = Boys, no data on girls
9 = Girls, no data on boys
10 = Slaves only

Child Other Agricultural Chores--Primary Crop
0 = Activity no present
1 = Boys only
2 = Boys Predominant
3 = Boys and girls equal
4 = Girls predominant
5 = Girls only
6 = Not a child's task
7 = Child task, no data on sex
8 = Boys, no data on girls
9 = Girls, no data on boys
10 = Slaves only

Children Under 6 Clear Land--Primary Crop
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and girls this age
4 = Not a child's task
5 = Child task, no data on sex
6 = Boys this age, no data on girls
7 = Girls this age, no data on boys

Uses of Fruits of Labor--Primary Crop
0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
1 = Product consumer is child only
2 = Product consumer is household or community
3 = Wage labor/product sold
4 = Household and wage labor or product sold
5 = 1 & 2 above
6 = All of above

Children Clear Land Alone--Primary Crop
0 = Activity not present
1 = Yes, Children do this
2 = No, Children do not do this

Importance of Boy Clearing--Primary Crop
0 = Boys do not do this task
1 = The most important task for boys
2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

Importance of Girl Clearing--Primary Crop
0 = Girls do not do this task
1 = The most important task for girls
2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

Adult Preference in Land Clearing--Primary Crop
0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
1 = Common or important adult task
2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

Primary Crop Name
0 = No agriculture
1 = Barley
2 = Maize
3 = Millet
4 = Dry rice
5 = Wet rice
6 = Sorghum
7 = Wheat
8 = Buckwheat
11 = Groundnut
12 = Beans
13 = Breadfruit
14 = Cassava
15 = Potato
16 = Sweet potato
17 = Squashes
18 = Taro
19 = Yams
20 = Bananas
21 = Plantains
22 = Dates
23 = Mango
24 = Other fruit trees
31 = Coconut
32 = Peanut
41 = Cocoa
42 = Cotton
43 = Sesame
44 = Sugarcane
45 = Cardamum
46 = Tobacco
47 = Rubber
51 = Animal fodder

irrigation Used--Primary Crop
0 = None/Absent
1 = Yes/Present

Extent of Weeding--Primary Crop
0 = None/No weeding/crops not weeded
1 = Crop weeded once
2 = Crop weeded twice
3 = Crop weeded three times
4 = Weeding, but not extensively, no data on # times
5 = Extensive weeding, no data on # times
6 = Weeding, no data on extent or # times

Crop Supervision--Primary Crop
0 = No agriculture
1 = Crops supervised form homestead
2 = Distant crops supervised, e.g. huts built in fields

Planting Techniques--Primary Crop
0 = No agriculture
1 = Seeds broadcast
2 = Seeds planted by hand/manually
3 = Seedlings transplanted
4 = Cuttings planted
5 = 1 and 2 above
6 = 2 and 3 above

Shortest Length of Fallow--Primary Crop
0 = No agriculture
1 = 0 years (permanent cultivation)
2 = 2 years
3 = 3 years
4 = 4 years
5 = 5 years
6 = 6 years
7 = 7 years
10 = 10 years
15 = 15 years
20 = 20 years

Adult Land Clearance--Secondary Crop
0 = Activity not present
1 = Men only
2 = Men Predominant
3 = Men and Women Equal
4 = Women Predominant
5 = Women Only
6 = Not an Adult Task
7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
8 = Men, No Data on Women
9 = Women, No Data on Men
10 = Slaves Only

Children Under 6 Clear Land--Secondary Crop
0 = Children this age do not to task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Tasl
5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

Children Under 6 Soil Preparation--Secondary Crop
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

Children Under 6 Agricultural Tasks Unspecified--Secondary Crop
0 = Children this age so not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = GIrls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

Children 6 to 10 Harvesting--Secondary Crop
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Tasl
5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex

Uses of Fruits of Labor--Secondary Crop
0 = None (e.g., Activity not present)
1 = Product consumer is child only
2 = Product consumer is household or community
3 = Wage labot/product sold
4 = Household and wage labor or product sold
5 = 1 &2 above
6 = All of above

Children Clear Land Alone--Secondary Crop
0 = Activity not present
1 = Yes, Children do this
2 = No, children do not do this

Importance of Boy Harvesting--Secondary Crop
0 = Boys do not do this task
1 = The most important task for boys
2 = Boys commonly dothe task, but not their most important
3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

Importance of Boy other Agricultural Chores--Secondary Crop
0 = Girls do not do this task
1 = The most important task for girls
2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most impportant
3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

Importance of Girl Planting--Secondary Crop
0 = Girls do not di this task
1 = The most important task for girls
2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

Importance of Girl Harvesting--Secondary Crop
0 = Girls do not do this task
1 = The most important task for girls
2 = Girls commonly do the tsk, but not their most important
3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

Importance of Girls Unspeicified Agricultural Tasks--Seconodary Crop
0 = Girls do not do this task
1 = The most important tsk for girls
2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

Importance of Girl other Agricultural Chores--Secondary Crop
0 = Girls do not so this task
1 = The most important task for girls
2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

Adult Preference in Land Clearing--Secondary Crop
0 = None(e.g., Activity not present)
1 = Common or important adult task
2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
3 = Usually adult task;kids do only if suitableafult absent

Secondary Crop Name
0 = No agriculture
1 = barley
2 = Maize
3 = Millet
4 = Dry rice
5 = Wet rice
6 = Sorghum
7 = Wheat
8 = Buckwheat
11 = Groundnut
12 = Beans
13 = Breadfruit
14 = Cassava
15 = Potato
16 = Sweet potato
17 = Squashes
18 = Taro
19 = Yams
20 = Bananas
21 = Plantains
22 = Dates
23 = Mango
24 = Other fruit trees
31 = Coconut
32 = Peanut
41 = Cocoa
42 = Cotton
43 = Sesame
44 = Sugarcane
45 = Cardamum
47 = Rubber
51 = Animal fodder

Extent of Weeding--Secondary Crop
0 = None/No weeding/crops not weeded
1 = Crop weeded once
2 = Crop weeded twice
3 = Crop weede three times
4 = Weeding, but not extensively, no data on # times
5 = Extensive weeding, no data in # times
6 = Weeding, no data on extent or # times

Crop Supervision--Secndary Crop
0 = No agriculture
1 = Crops supervised from homestead
2 = Distant crops supervised, e.g.huts built in fields

Planting Techniques--Secondary Crop
0 = No agriculture
1 = Seeds broadcast
2 = Seeds planted by hand/manually
3 = Seedlings tranplanted
4 = Cuttings planted
5 = 2 and 3 above
6 = 3 and 4 above
7 = 2 and 4 above

Shortest Length of Fallow--Secondary Crop
0 = No agriculture
1 = 0 years (permanent cultivation)
2 = 2 years
3 = 3 years
4 = 4 yeas
5 = 5 years
6 = 6 years
7 = 7 years
10 = 10 years
15 = 15 years
20 = 20 years

Adults Herd Small Animals
0 = Activity not present
1 = Men only
2 = Men Preodominant
3 = Men and Women Equal
4 = Women Predominant
5 = Women Only
6 = Not an Adult Task
7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
8 = Men, No Data on Women
9 = Women, No Data on Men
10 = Slaves Only

Adults care for Small Animals
0 = Activity not present
1 = Men Only
2 = Men Prodominant
3 = Men and Women Equal
4 = Women Predominant
5 = Women Only
6 = Not an Adult Task
7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
8 = Women, No Data on Men
9 = Women, No Data on Men
10 = Slaves Only

Children Herd Small Animals
0 = Activity not present
1 = Boys only
2 = Boys Predominant
3 = Boys and Girls Equal
4 = Girls Predominant
5 = Girls only
6 = Not a Child's Task
7 = Child Task, No Data on Sex
8 = Boys, No data on Girls
9 = Girls, No data on Boys
10 = Slaves only

Children Care for Small Animals
0 = Activity not present
1 = Boys only
2 = Boys Predominant
3 = Boys and Girls Equal
4 = Girls Predominant
5 = Girls only
6 = Not a Childs's Task
7 = Child Task, no data on Sex
8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
9 = Girls, No Data on Boys
10 = Slaves Only

Children Under 6 Herd Small Animals
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, no Data on Girls
6 = Boys this age, No data on Girls
7 = Girls this age, No data on Boys

Children 6 ato 10 Herd Small Animals
0 = Children this age do not to task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
6 = Boys this age, No data on Sex
7 = Girls the age, No data on Boys

Children over 10 Herd Small Animals
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a child's task
5 = Child Task, no data on Sex
6 = Boys this ae, No data on Girls
7 = Girls this age, no data on Boys

Children under 10 care for Small Animals
0 = Children thsi age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child task, no data on sex
6 = Boys this age, no data in girls
7 = Girls this age, no data on Boys

Children 6 to 10 Care for Small Animals
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, no data on Girls
6 = Boys this age, No data in Girls
7 = Girls this age, No data on Boys

Children over 10 care for small Animals
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's task
5 = Child task, no data on Sex
6 = Boys this age, No data on Girls
7 = Girls this age, no data on Boys

Product use of Small Animals
0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
1 = Product consumer is child only
2 = Product consumer is household or community
3 = Wage labor/product sold
4 = Household and wage labor or product sold
5 = 1 and 2 above
6 = All of above

Children Herd Small Animals Alone
0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
1 = Yes, children do this
2 = No, children do not do this

CHildren Herd Small Animals with Children
0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
1 = Yes, children do this
2 = No, chilfren do not do this

Importance of Boy Herding Small Animals
0 = Boys do not do this task
1 = The most important task for boys
2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
3 = Boys rarely do, or ususally done by girls

Importance of Girl Herding Small Animals
0 = Boys do not do this task
1 = The most important tsk for boys
2 = Boys commonly do the tsk, but not their most important
3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

Importance of Girl care for Small Animals
0 = Girls do not do this task
1 = The most imortant task for girls
2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not theri most important
3 = Girls rearly do , or usually done by girls

Adult Preference in Herding Small Animals
0 = None (e.g., Activity not present)
1 = Common or importatn adult task
2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

Adult Preference in Caring for Small Animals
0 = None (e.g., Activity not present)
1 = Common or important adult task
2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
3 = Usually adult task; kids do only uf suitable adult absent

Goats Present
0 = Absent
1 = Present, minor
2 = Present, important

Adults Herd Large Animals
0 = Activity not present
1 = Men Only
2 = Men Predominant
3 = Men abd Women Equal
4 = Women Predominant
5 = Women Only
6 = Not an Adult Task
7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
8 = Men, No Data on Women
9 = Women, No Data on Men
10 = Slaves Only

Children Under 6 Herd Large Animals
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

Children Herd Large Animals Alone
0 = None (e.g.,activity not present)
1 = Yes, children do this
2 = No, children do not do this

Importance of Boy Herding Large Animals
0 = Boys do not do this task
1 = The most important task for girls
2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

Importance of Girl Herding Large Animals
0 = Girls do not do this task
1 = The most important task for boys
2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

Importance of Boy Care for Large Animals
0 = Boys so not do this task
1 = the most important task for girls
2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

Importance of Girl Care for Large Animals
0 = Girls do not do this task
1 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

Adult Preference in Herding Large Animals
0 = None (e.g., Activity not present)
1 = Common or important adult task
2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adult absent

Adult Preference in Caring for Large Animals
0 = None (e.g., Activity not present )
1 = Common or important adult task
2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
3 = Usually adult task; kids do only id suitable adult absent

Adults do Wage Labor
0 = Activity not present
1 = Men Only
2 = Men Predominant
3 = Men and Women Equal
4 = Women Predominant
5 = Women Only
6 = Not an Adult Task
7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
8 = Men, No Data on Women
9 = Women, No Data on Men

Children do Wage LAbor
0 = Activity not present
1 = Boys Only
2 = Boys Predominant
3 = Boys and Girls Equal
4 = Girls Predominant
5 = Girls Only
6 = Not a Child's Task
7 = Child's Task, no Data on Sex
8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

Children Under 6 do Wage Labor
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, no Data on Girls
6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

Who Controls the Earningof Wage Labor?
0 = None
1 = Child
2 = Parents
3 = Other
4 = Child and Parents

Importance of Boy doing Wage Labor
0 = Boy do not do this task
1 = The most important task for boys
2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not theri most important
3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

Importance of Girl Doing Wage Labor
0 = Girls do not do this task
1 = The most important task for Girls
2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not theri most important
3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

Adult Preference Wage Labor
0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
1 = Common or important adult task
2 = Not preferred by adults,considered childs's task
3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adutl absent

Adults Trade
0 = Activity not present
1 = Men Only
2 = Men Predominant
3 = Men and Women Equal
4 = Women Predonminant
5 = Women Only
6 = Not an Adult Task
7 = Adutl Task, No Data on Sex
8 = Men, No Data on WOmen
9 = Women, No Data on Men

Children Trade
0 = Activity not present
1 = Boys Only
2 = Boys Predominant
3 = Boys and Girls Equal
4 = Girls Predominant
5 = Girls Only
6 = Not a CHild's Task
7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

Children Under 6 Trade
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and GIrls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, no Data on Girls
6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

Children 6 to 10 Trade
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child Task
5 = Child Task. No Data on Sex
6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

Children over 10 Trade
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, No Data on Sex
6 = Boys this age, No Data on Boys

Children Trade Alongside other Children
0 = Activity not present
1 = Yes, CHildren do this
2 = No, Children do not do this

Importance of Girl Trading
0 = Girls do not do this task
1 = The most important task for Girls
2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

Children Gather
0 = Activity not present
1 = Boys Only
2 = Boys Predominant
3 = Boys and Girls Equal
4 = Girls Predominant
5 = Girls Only
6 = Not a Child's Task
7 = Child's Task, No Data on Sex
8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

Children Under 6 Gather
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and GIirls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, no Data on Girls
6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

Who Controls the Products of Gathering?
0 = None (e.g., activity not present)
1 = Product consumer is child only
2 = Product consumer is household or community
3 = Wage labor/product sold
4 = Household and wage labor or product sold
5 = 1 and 2 above

Children Gather with Adults
0 = Activity not present
1 = Yes, Children do thsi
2 = No, Children do not do this

Importance of Girl Gathering
0 = Girls do not do this task
1 = The most important task for boys
2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by boys

Children Hunt
0 = Activity not present
1 = Boys Only
2 = Boys Predominant
3 = Boys and Girls Equal
4 = Girls Predominant
5 = Girls Only
6 = Not a Child's Task
7 = Child Task, No Data on Girls
8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

Children Under 6 Hunt
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, No Data on Girls
6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

Children 6 to 10 Hunt
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, No Data on Sex
6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

Children Over 10 Hunt
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, No Data on Girls
6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
7 = GIrls this age, No Data on Boys

Who Controls the Products of Hunting?
0 = None (e.g., sctivity not present)
1 = Product consumer is child only
2 = Product consumer is household or community
3 = Wage labor/product sold
4 = HOusehold and wage labor or product sold
5 = 1 and 2 above
6 = All

Importance of Boy Hunting
0 = Boys do not do this task
1 = The most important task for boys
2 = Boys commonly do the tsk, but not theri most important
3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

Adult Preference Hunting
0 = None (e.g., Activity not present)
1 = Common or important adult task
2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
3 = Usually adult tsk; kids do only if suitable adult absent

Adults do Child Care
0 = Activity not present
1 = Men Only
2 = Men Predominant
3 = Men and Women Equal
4 = Women Predominant
5 = Women Only
6 = Not an Adult Task
7 = Adult Task, No Data on Women
8 = Men, No Data on Women
9 = Women, No Data on Men

Children do Child Care
0 = Activity not present
1 = Boys Only
2 = Boys Predominant
3 = Boys and Girls Equal
4 = Girls Predominant
5 = Girls Only
6 = Not a Child's Task
7 = Child Task, no Data on Sex
8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

Children Under 6 do Child Care
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, No Data on Sex
6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

Children do Child Care Along with Other Children
0 = Activity not present
1 = Yesm CHildren do this
2 = No, Children do not do this

Children do Housekeeping
0 = Activity not present
1 = Boys Only
2 = Boys Predominat
3 = Boys and Girls Equal
4 = Girls Predominant
5 = Girls Only
6 = Not a Child's Task
7 = Child Task, No Data on Sex
8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

Children Over 10 Do Housekeeping
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, No Data on Girls
6 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys
7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

Children Do HousekeeperAlone
0 = Activity not present
1 = Yes, Children do this
2 = No, Children do not this

Adult Prefernce Housekeeping
0 = None (e.g., Activity not present)
1 = Common or important adult task
2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
3 = Usually adutl tsk; kids do only id suitable absent

Adults Cook
0 = Activity not present
1 = Men Only
2 = Men Predominant
3 = Men and Women Equal
4 = Women Prredominant
5 = Women Only
6 = Not an Adult Task
7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
8 = Men, No Data on Women
9 = Women, No Data on Men

Children Cook
0 = Activity not present
1 = Boys Only
2 = Boys Predominant
3 = Boys and Girls Equal
4 = Girls Predominant
5 = Girls Only
6 = Not a Child's Task
7 = Child Task, No Data on Sex
8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

Children 6 to 10 Cook
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age

Who Controls the Products of Cooking?
0 = None (e.g.,activity not present)
1 = Product sondumer is child only
2 = Product consumer is household or community
3 = Wage labor/Product sold
4 = HOusehold and wage labor or product sold
5 = 1 and 2 above
6 = All

Importance of Boy Cooking
0 = Boys do not do this tasl
1 = The most important task for boys
2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most important
3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

Importance of Girl Cooking
0 = Girls do not do this task
1 = The most important task for Girls
2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
3 = Girls rarely do, or ususally done by boys

Adult Preference Cooking
0 = None (e.g.,Activity not present)
1 = Common or important adult task
2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
3 = Usually adult task;kids do only if suitable adult absent

Adults Tend Fires
0 = Activity not present
1 = Men Only
2 = Men Predominant
3 = Men and Women Equal
4 = Women Predominant
5 = Women Only
6 = Not an Adult Task
7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
8 = Men, No Dara on Women
9 = Women, No Data on Men

Adults Gather Fuel
0 = Activity not present
1 = Men Only
2 = Men Predominant
3 = Men and Women Equal
4 = Women Predominant
5 = Women Only
6 = Not an Adult Task
7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
8 = Men, No Data on Sex
9 = Women, No Data on Men

Children 6 TO 10 Gather Fuel
0 = CHildren this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, No Data on Sex
6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

Children Over 10 Gather Fuel
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, No Data on Sex
6 = Boys this age, No Data in Girls
7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

Importance of Girl Gathering Fuel
0 = Girls do not do this task
1 = The most important task for Girls
2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
3 = Girls rarely do, or usually done by girls

Adult Preference Fuel Gathering
0 = None (e.g, Activity not present)
1 = Common or important adult task
2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adutl absent

Adults Carry Burdens
0 = Activity not present
1 = Men Only
2 = Men Predominant
3 = Men and Women Equal
4 = Women Predominant
5 = Women Only
6 = Not adn Adult Task
7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
8 = Men, No Data on Women
9 = Women, No Data on Men

Children Under 6 Carry Burdens
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Girls Predominant
5 = Girls Only
6 = Not a Child's Task
7 = Child Task, No Data on Sex
8 = Boys, No Data on Girls
9 = Girls, No Data on Boys

Children 6 to 10 Carry Burdens
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's Task
5 = Child Task, No Data on Sex
6 = Boys this age, No Data on GIrls
7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

Adults Carry Water
0 = Activity nhot present
1 = Men Only
2 = Men Predominant
3 = Men and Women Equal
4 = Women Predominant
5 = Women Only
6 = Not an Adult Task
7 = Adult Task, No Data on Sex
8 = Men, No Data on Women
9 = Women, No Data on Men

Children Over 10 Carry Water
0 = Children this age do not do task
1 = Boys this age
2 = Girls this age
3 = Boys and Girls this age
4 = Not a Child's task
5 = Child Task, No Data on Sex
6 = Boys this age, No Data on Girls
7 = Girls this age, No Data on Boys

Importance of Boy Carrying Water
0 = Boys do not do this task
1 = The most important task for boys
2 = Boys commonly do the task, but not their most importanta
3 = Boys rarely do, or usually done by girls

Importance of Girls Carrying Water
0 = GIrls do not do this task
1 = The most important task, but not their most important
2 = Girls commonly do the task, but not their most important
3 = Girls rarely do, or ususally done by boys

Adult Preference in Carry Water
0 = None (e.g., Activity not present)
1 = Common or important adult task
2 = Not preferred by adults, considered child's task
3 = Usually adult task; kids do only if suitable adutl absent

Overall frequency of warfare (resolved rating)
0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
1 = Warfare seems to be absent or rare (original code 1)
2 = origianl code 1.25
3 = original code 1.5
4 = original 1.625
5 = original code 1.75
6 = Warfare seems to occur once every 3 to 10 years(org.code 2
7 = original code 2.25
8 = original code 2.5
9 = original code 2.75
10 = Warfare seems to occur at least once every 2 years
11 = original code 3.25
12 = original code 3.5
13 = original code 3.75
14 = Warfare seems to occur every year, during particular season
15 = original 4.25
16 = origainal 4.5
17 = original 4.75
18 = Warfare seems to occur constantly at any time of the year
88 = Don't know or unclear (original code 8)

Frequency of external warfare (resolved rating)
0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
1 = 1External warfare seems to be absent or rare(orginal code 1)
2 = 2original code 1.25
3 = 3original code 1.5
4 = 4original code 1.75
5 = 5External warfare semems to occur once every 3 to 10 years
6 = 6original code 2.25
7 = 7original code 2.5
8 = 8original code 2.75
10 = 10original code 3.25
11 = 11original code 3.5
12 = 12original code 3.75
13 = 13Ext. warfare seems to occur every year particular season
14 = 14original code 4.25
15 = 15original code 4.5
16 = 16original code 4.75
17 = 17Ext. warfare occur almost constantly any time of year
88 = Don't know or unclear (original code 8)

Reliability of Overall Warfare Ratings
0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in stds78.)
1 = THe different coders agree perfectly (including when "d'n kn
2 = Different coders are not more than .5 point apart on the org
3 = Different coders not more than 1 point apart of the original
4 = One of the first two coders say "don't know"
5 = The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale
6 = One coder says "don't know" and the two would get 5 i
7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart so not meet condition
8 = One raters say"dn't kno" does nt meet condition met in rel 5

Reliabilty of Internal Warfare Ratings
0 = No reliability score (see Variable 1651 in stds78.)
1 = 1The different coders agree perfectly(including when "d'n kn
2 = Different coders are not more than .5 point apart on the org
3 = Different coders not more than 1 point apart of the original
4 = One of the first two coders say "don't know"
5 = The coders are more than 1 point apart on the original scale
6 = One coder says "don't know" and the two would get 5 i
7 = Two coders are more than 1 point apart so not meet condition
8 = One raters say"dn't kno" does nt meet condition met in rel 5

Pacification
1 = Not pacified for all or part of the twenty-five-year time pd
2 = Inferred to be unpacified b/c warfare frequency is >or = to3
3 = Not completely pacified: indication that warfare decreased
4 = Pacified before the the 25 year enthnographic present
6 = The culture is part ofa state society
7 = Ambiguous or sontrasictory information
9 = Not enough information to judge

Outcomes regarding land in internal warfare
0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
1 = The defeated are never driven form their territory
2 = original code 1.25
3 = original code 1.5
4 = THe defeated are sometimes driven form their territory
5 = original code 2.5
6 = Defeated are sometimes driven from land, winners use land
7 = original code 3.75
8 = Defeated driven form land winners usually use land of defeat
9 = original code 4.5
10 = original code 4.75
11 = Defeated usually driven form territory, winners use land
12 = Land is taken, but apparently not used(original code 7)
88 = Don't know (original code 8)
99 = Not applicable (there is no or rare warfare of this type)

Outcomes Reguarding Land In War Overall-combined scale scores from Vars 1655 and 1656 according to the rules following this section:
0 = No score (original code 0)
1 = Original score 1
2 = Original score 1.5
3 = Original score 2
4 = Original socre 2.5
5 = Original score 3
6 = Original score 3.25
7 = Original score 4
8 = Original score 4.5
9 = Original score 5

Outcomes regarding nonland resources in internal warfare
0 = No resolved rating (roiginal code 0)
1 = Nonland resources are never taken from the defeated (code1)
2 = original code 1.25
3 = original code 1.75
4 = Nonland resources are sometimes taken form the defeated(cd2)
5 = original code 2.25
6 = original code 2.5
7 = original code 2.75
8 = Nonland resources are usually taken from the defeated(cd3)
9 = original code 3.25
10 = original code 3.5
11 = original code 3.75
12 = Nonland resources are always taken form the defeated (cd4)
88 = Don't know (original code 8)
99 = Not applicable (there is no warfare of this type) (code 9)

Outcomes regarding nonladnd resources in war overall - combined scale scores form Vars 1658 and 1659 according to the rules following this section:
0 = No score (original code 0)
1 = Original score 1
2 = Original socre 1.75
3 = Original score 2
4 = Original score 2.25
5 = Original score 2.5
6 = Original score 2.75
7 = Original score 3
8 = Original score 3.5
9 = Original score 3.75
10 = Original score 4

Reliability of Outcomes of Internal Warfare Ratings (Var. 1655)
0 = No reliability score (see Varialbe STDS78.REL for reasons)
1 = Different coders agree perfectly(including"don't know ans.)
2 = Diff. coders not more than .5 apart on original scale
3 = Diff. coders not more than 1 point apart on original scale
4 = 1 coders says"don't know" or "not applicable" score 1,2,or 3
5 = 1 coders are more than 1 point apart on orig. scale(1-5)
6 = 1 coder says"don't know"or "not applicable"2 others score 5
7 = 2 coders are more than 1 point apart on original scale
8 = 1 of the 2 or 3 raters says"don't know"or"not applicable"

Individual Aggression - Homicide
0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
1 = Low (original code 1)
2 = original code 1.25
3 = original code 1.5
4 = original code 1.75
5 = Moderate (original code 2)
6 = original code 2.25
7 = original code 2.5
8 = original code 2.75
9 = High (original code 3)
88 = Don't know (original code 8)

Threat of Famine (resolved rating)
0 = No resolved rating
1 = Low threat of severe natural disrupters of the food supply
2 = Moderate threat of severe natural disrupters of food supply
3 = Moderately high threat of severe natural disrupters food sup
4 = High
5 = Don't know

Theat fo weather of pest disasters
0 = No resolved rating
1 = Low threat of severre natural disrupters of the food supply
2 = Moderate threat of severe natural disrupters of food supply
3 = Moderate high threat of severe natural disrupters of food su
4 = High
8 = Don't know

Chronic resource problems (resolved ratings)
0 = No resolved rating (original code 0)
1 = Low or rare (original code 1)
2 = original code 1.5
3 = There are some "hungry times" during the year food is scarce
4 = Some members of the population do not have enough to eat
5 = Most members of the pop. usually do not have enough to eat
8 = Don't know (original code 8)

Sex Ratio (males/females * 1000)--First two digits
0 = No sex ratio calculated
1 = The whole society
2 = The "breeding population"
3 = The district, but not known whether or not the breeding unit
4 = The local group group or community
8 = Not sure what unit

Scarification 1: Males
1 = no scarification
2 = tatooing and cicatrization
3 = scarification involves removal of skin

Scarification 2: Females
1 = no scarification
2 = tatooing and cicatrization
3 = scarification includes removal of skin

General Scarification: Males
1 = no scarification
2 = ear, nose piercing
3 = tatooing and cicatrization
4 = sacrification includes removal of skin

General Scarification: Females
1 = no scarification
2 = ear, nose piercing
3 = tatooing and cicatrization
4 = scarification includes removal of skin

Biome
1 = tundra, taiga, boreal forest
2 = temperate deciduous, scrub, or temperate rain forest
3 = tropical or temperate grassland
4 = tropical rain forest
5 = desert

Wound Opportunistic Typhus
1 = absent or not recorded
2 = present, no indication of severity
3 = present and serious, widespread or endemic

Person(s) Infants and Children Sleep With
1 = mother alone
2 = father alone
3 = mother and father
4 = grandparents
5 = other siblings
6 = other relatives
7 = entire family
8 = alone

Where Adolescents Sleep
1 = entire family together
2 = seperate room in parent's house
3 = outside of parent's house, but near
4 = separate dwelling
5 = other relatives

Sex Segregation in Sleeping Areas of Children
1 = boys & girls in same room or bed
2 = boys & girls in separate rooms or separate beds
3 = boys & girls in separate houses

First Two Digits of Focus Date
12 = 12
15 = 15
16 = 16
17 = 17
18 = 18
19 = 19

Primary Source of Subsistence
1 = intensive agriculture
2 = extensive agriculture
3 = animal husbandary
4 = fishing
5 = hunting
6 = gathering
7 = trade
8 = wage labor

Secondary Source of Subsistence
1 = intensive agriculture
2 = extensive agriculture
3 = animal husbandry
4 = fishing
5 = hunting
6 = gathering
7 = trade
8 = wage labor

Sahring of food
1 = sharing of food among nuclear family
2 = sharing of food among kin residing in local community
3 = sharing of food among kin, not restricted to local community
4 = sharing of food among non-kin within local community
5 = sharing of food among all members of local community
6 = sharing of food among groups within ethnic group
7 = sharing of food among other than mentioned groups

Periodical Variation of Food Scarcity
1 = food supply constant, no scarcity
2 = periodical food scarcity
3 = aperiodical food scarcity
4 = seldom
5 = often
6 = periodical as well as aperiodical food scarcity
7 = food scarcity occurs, no further information on frequency

Causes of Land Shortage
1 = no land shortage
2 = population pressure
3 = territorial invasions
4 = more than one of the above

Number of Rich people (wealthy)
1 = absence of rich
2 = presence of rich, no information on numbers
3 = few rich
4 = many rich

Sources of Wealth
0 = absence ofrich, variable 1717 coded 1
1 = presence of rich, no information on sources of wealth
2 = acquired wealth of land
3 = inheritance of land
4 = acquirred wealth of cattle
5 = inheritance of cattle
6 = acquired wealth
7 = inherited wealth
8 = more than one of the above

Number of Poor
1 = absence of poor
2 = presence of poor, no information on percentage
3 = few poor
4 = many poor

Number of Dispossessed
1 = no dispossessed
2 = presence of dispossessed, no information on percentage
3 = few dispossessed
4 = many dispossessed

Possibility of Peaceful Territorial Expansion
1 = no need for expansion: variable1716 coded as 1
2 = peaceful territorial expansion impossible
3 = access to land of good quality
4 = access to land of restricted quality

Communality of Land
1 = land predominantly private property
2 = land partially communally used
3 = communal land use rights only

Resource Acquisition as Motive for Violent Conflict Management
0 = absence of violent conflict management
1 = resource acquisition no motive
2 = resource acquisition motive for violent conflict management

Rich, Poor, or Dispossessed as One Party in Violent Conflicts
0 = equal distribution of resources
1 = rare or never
2 = occasional
3 = often
4 = permanent

Presence of an Overarching Political Unit
1 = local community autonomous
2 = local community is part of a precolonial state
3 = ethnic group, politically dominant, precolonial state
4 = ethnic group, politically subordinate, precolonial state
5 = local community is part of a colonial state
6 = local community is part of a postcolonial state
7 = ethnic group, politically dominant, postcolonial state
8 = ethnic group, politically subordinate, post colonial state

Administrative Integration of Local Community Within Overarching Political Unit
0 = local community not part of overarching political unit
1 = oversrching political unit claims administrative
2 = administration representative absent
3 = administration representative present
4 = same as above 4
5 = same as above 4

Power Participation of Local Elite Within Overarching Political Unit
0 = local community not part of overarching political unit
1 = no elite present in ethnic group
2 = local elite does not participate in decisions
3 = local elite occupies leading positions within political unit

Presence of Wage Labor
1 = no wage labor
2 = wage labor present, migratory labor unimportant
3 = wage labor, mainly in form of migratory labor

Market Exchage Within Local Community
1 = no market exchange
2 = market exchange outside of local community, on further info
3 = market exchange present, local and regional products
4 = market exchange present, local, regional, and supra-regional

Relationship Between Production for Subsistence and Production for Market Exchange
1 = production for consumption more important
2 = production for consumption and market exchange equal

Tribute, Taxation, Expropriation
1 = no tribute, taxation, or expropriation
2 = payment of tribute, taxation, or expropriation occur
3 = corve, labor
4 = money
5 = mobile goods
6 = more than one of the above

Extent of Burden Caused by Tribute Payments or Taxation
0 = no tribute or taxation
1 = sporadic taxation or request for tribute
2 = the exactions are reported not to be burdensome
3 = the exactions are reported to be burdensome
4 = regular taxation or request of tribute
5 = the exactions are reported not to be burdensome
6 = the exactions are reported to be burdensome

Presence of Formal Education Within Local Community
1 = no formal education
2 = formal education present
3 = small fraction of local community is formally educated
4 = large part of local community is formally educated
5 = members of local community have a higher education

Types of Violence Against Overarching Political Institution
0 = no overarching political unit
1 = violent acts absent
2 = acts of violence, reaction against attacks by political unit
3 = active resistance, aiming at revolution

Levels of Political Hierarchy
1 = no political office
2 = no political office at head of community
3 = highest political office 1 level above smallest
4 = highest political office 2 levels above smallest
5 = highest political office 3 levels above smallest
6 = highest political office 4 levels above smallest
7 = highest political office at head of local community
8 = highest political office 1 level above local community
9 = highest political office 2 levels above local community
10 = highest political office 3 leves above local community
11 = highest political office 4 or more levels above local com.

Overarching Formal Jurisdiction within Unit of Maximal Political Authority
1 = no formal jurisdiction present
2 = highest level of jurisdiction below political authority
3 = highest level of jurisdiction at the level of political auth

Selection of Officials at the Lowest Level of Political Hierarchy
0 = no political office
1 = selection by lowest level of political hierarchy
2 = reconfirmed by higher-ranking officials
3 = determined by higher-ranking officials

Sanctions
0 = no formal political office present
1 = no or few means of coercion
2 = restricted means of coercion
3 = coercive means to enforce all decisions

Lower Level participation in Decision Making of the Unit of Maximal Political Authority
0 = no formal political office present
1 = decision making at highest level
2 = decisions made after consultation
3 = fully participate

Religio-political Overlap
0 = no formal political office present
1 = religious specialists have no influence on decision making
2 = religious specialists participate in decision making
3 = official are at the same time religious specialists

Sources of Legitimation of Power
0 = no formal political office present
1 = supernatural powers
2 = office holder has been installed by the gods
3 = office holder belongs to privileged descent group
4 = office holder elected by the represented group
5 = office holder elected by subordinate authorities
6 = office holder is formal owner of the group's land
7 = wealth based on possession of mobile property
8 = office inherited
9 = seniority
10 = office holder installed by overarching administration
11 = other sourcesa of legitimation
12 = multiple sources of legitimation

Frequency of External Warfare: Unit of Maximal Political Authority
0 = no formal political office present
1 = rare or never
2 = occasional
3 = often
4 = permanent

Frequency of Internal Warfare
0 = no political office above the level of the local community
1 = rare or never
2 = occasional
3 = often
4 = permanent

Frequency of Violent Conflict Between Groups within Local Communities
1 = rare or never
2 = occasional
3 = often
4 = permanent

Social Stratification
1 = no differences in access to eco. resources,pol. power,status
2 = differences in access to eco. resources, pol. power, status
3 = two classes
4 = complex stratification into more than two classes

Grooms Dependency on Relatives for Marriage Transactions
1 = no marriage transactions
2 = marriage transactions, not by groom or his kin
3 = groom is able to procure necessary goods for marriage
4 = depends on help from father or single relative of father
5 = additional paternal relatives
6 = depends on help of non-paternal or not exclusive paternal

Unilineal Descent
1 = patrilineal descent no information on genealogical depth
2 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth= 002
3 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth= 003
4 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth= 004
5 = patrilineal descent, genealogical descent= 005
6 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth= 006
7 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth= 008
8 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth= 009
9 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth= 011
10 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth= 015
11 = patrilineal descent, genealogical depth= 030
12 = matrilineal descent, no information on genealogical depth
13 = matrilineal descent, genealogical depth= 002
14 = matrilineal descent, genealogical depth= 003
15 = matrilineal descent, genealogical depth= 004
16 = matrilineal descent, genealogical depth= 006
17 = matrilineal descent, genealogical depth= 007
18 = matrilineal descent, genealogical depth= 009
19 = matrilineal descent, genealogical depth= 011
20 = double descent, genealogical depth= 002
21 = double descent, genealogical depth= 003
22 = double descent, genealogical depth= 004
23 = double descent, genealogical depth= 005
24 = no unilineal descent

Size of Maximal Effective Kin Group
1 = absent
2 = present

Local Distribution of Maximal Effective Kin Group
0 = does not apply
1 = part of local community
2 = congruent of local community
3 = congruent but spatially segregated subgroups
4 = a number of local communities
5 = among several local communities
6 = in several local communities

Size of Local Community
1 = between 10 and 50
2 = between 51 and 100
3 = between 101 and 150
4 = between 151 and 200
5 = between 201 and 250
6 = between 251 and 300
7 = between 301and 500
8 = between 501 and 1000
9 = greater than 1001

Frequency of Violent Conflict Involving at Least One Maximal Effective Kin Group
0 = does not apply
1 = rare or never
2 = occasional
3 = often
4 = permanent

Affection During Early Childhood
1 = children often experience emotional rejection
2 = noticeably more emotional rejection than loving affection
3 = both rejection and affection to the same degree
4 = children often experience loving affection
5 = noticeably more loving affection than emotional rejection

Frequency of Interactions Between Boys (early childhood) and Male Adults
1 = boys have almost no contact with male adults
2 = more contact with adult female than adult male
3 = contact with adult males and females is about the same
4 = noticeably more contact with male than female adults

Inculcation of Children's Trust in Other Persons
1 = inculcation of mistrust and fear in children
2 = children's mistrust restricted a to certain group of persons
3 = inculcation of trust in children

Positive Reinforcement of Children's Willingness to Share, Give, and Help (generosity)
1 = generosity is rarely fostered
2 = generosity is moderately fostered
3 = generosity is strongly fostered

Emphasis on Honesty
1 = honesty is not furthered
2 = honesty is rarely furthered
3 = honesty is furthered
4 = honesty is explicitly furthered

Reaction of Socializing Agents Towards Violent Behavior of Boys in Late Childhood
1 = violence of children is generally objected
2 = violence of children is objected
3 = violence tolerated only towards a specific group of perso
4 = violence is tolerated regardless of group of persons
5 = violence of children is explicitly encouraged
6 = violence explicitly encouraged towards specific group
7 = violence explicitly encouraged regardless of group

Emphasis on Courage of Boys in Late Childhood
1 = courage is not emphasized
2 = courage is mildly emphasized
3 = courage is strongly emphasized

Corporal Punishment of Boys in Late Childhood
1 = children are not punished physically
2 = children are punished physically
3 = children are rarely punished physically
4 = children are often punished physically

Ideology of Male Superiority
1 = no ideology of male superiority
2 = weakly articulated ideology of male superiority
3 = strongly articulated ideology of male superiority

Attitude Towards Physical Violence Against Members of Local Community
1 = physical violence within local community is rejected
2 = physical violence within local community is tolerated or
3 = physical violence within local community is appreciated

Attitude Towards Physical Violence Against Members of Same Ethnic Group, not Restricted to Local Community
1 = physical violence within ethnic group is rejected
2 = physical violence within ethnic group is tolerated
3 = physical violence withiin ethnic group is appreciated

Attitude Towards Physical Violence Against Members of Other Ethnic Groups
0 = no contact with other ethnic groups
1 = physical violence outside ethnic group is rejected
2 = rejected because of military inferiority
3 = physical violence is tolerated or accepted
4 = tolerated- not against the majority of other ethnic groups
5 = tolerated- against the majority of other ethnic groups
6 = physical violence is appreciated
7 = appreciated- not against the majority of other ethnic groups
8 = appreciated- against the majority of other ethnic groups

Loyalty Within Ethnic Groups
1 = low
2 = middle
3 = high

Hostility Towards Other Ethnic Groups
0 = no contact with other ethnic groups
1 = no or negligible hostility
2 = weak degree of hostility
3 = moderate degree of hostility
4 = moderate- directed against some other ethnic groups
5 = moderate- directed against almost all other ethnic groups
6 = high degree of hostility
7 = high degree- directed against some other ethnic groups
8 = high degree- directed against almost all other ethnic groups

Prestige of Warriors
0 = no warriors
1 = low prestige
2 = middle to high prestige
3 = medium prestige of warriors
4 = high prestige of warriors
5 = very high prestige

Revenge Related Norms
1 = revenge taking is forbidden
2 = taking revenge is neither forbbiden nor prescribed
3 = revenge is prescribed, compensation by payment equally value
4 = taking of revenge is prescrined
5 = revenge is prescribed, retaliation is allowed

Reglementation of Intraethnic Violence
0 = no intraethnic violence
1 = no reglementation
2 = modreate reglementation
3 = highly reglemented or ritualized

Intensity of Intraethnic Violence
0 = no intraethnic violence
1 = low; when violence occurs, only occasional victims
2 = moderate; when violence occurs many victims
3 = high; one of the parties in conflict is nearly extinguished

Frequency of Intraethnic Violence
0 = no contact with other ethnic groups
1 = rare or never
2 = occasional
3 = often
4 = permanent

Weapons Used in Warfare
1 = projectiles
2 = schock weapons
3 = both

Defensive (projective) Weapons Used in Warfare
1 = no projective weapons
2 = body armor
3 = shields
4 = both

Gossip on Adultery
0 = Absent
1 = Present
2 = Present, Males Only
3 = Present, Females Only

Importance of Gossip in the Society
1 = Not Important
5 = Very Important

News & General Gossip Scale (Men, Neighbors, Socializing & News, Women)
0 = Absent
1 = 1 Item Present
2 = 2 Items Present
3 = 3 Items Present
4 = 4 Items Present

Political Gossip Scale (Family, Govt., Politics)
0 = Absent
1 = 1 Item Present
2 = 2 Items Present
3 = 3 Items Present

Sex & Scandals Scale (Adultery, Scandal)
0 = Absent
1 = 1 Item Present
2 = 2 Items Present

0 = Not Selected
1 = Selected